Lecture 01: Intro to Genetics Flashcards by Sibyl Ma Antonette Datur

what is genetics?

the study of variation and heredity

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what is variation?

similarities and differences among organisms

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what is heredity?

how characteristics are transmitted thru generations

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what does genetic information do?

directs cellular function
determines an organism’s external appearance
link between generations in every species

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In history: genes are particulate factors

Gregor Mendel

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In history: discovery of nucleic

Friedrich Miescher

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In history: chromosomes are hereditary units

Walter Sutton

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In history: genes lie on chromosomes

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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In history: chromosomes are linear arrays of genes

Alfred Sturtevant

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In history: mutations are physical changes in genes

Hermann Muller

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In history: recombination occurs by crossing over

Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock

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In history: a gene codes for a protein

George Beadle and Edward Tatum

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In history: DNA is the genetic material

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

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In history: first protein sequenced

Frederick Sanger

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In history: DNA is a double helix

James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin

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In history: DNA replicates semiconservatively

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

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In history: genetic code is triplet

Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei

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In history: DNA can be sequenced

Frederick Sanger, Allan Maxam, and Walter Gilbert

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In history: Haemophilus influenzae genome sequenced

Institute of Genomic Research

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In history: human genome sequenced

Human Genome Project

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different fields of genetics

transmission genetics
cytogenetics
molecular genetics
population genetics

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what is transmission genetics?

patterns of inheritance are determined thru planned breeding experiments

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what is cytogenetics?

study of the cellular or physical basis of heredity (chromosomes)

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what is molecular genetics?

characterization of the chemical nature of the genetic materials as well as the how the traits are expressed

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what is population genetics?

describes the behavior of genes in large groups of individuals with passage of time

what are the methods of studying genetics?

- planned experimental breeding - pedigree analysis - statistical analysis - twin study - karyotyping - DNA testing/ profiling

what is planned experimental breeding?

mating of individuals with contrasting traits

characteristics of a good test organism for genetic study

- observable traits - can sexually reproduce - controlled mating not within the bounds of ethical concerns - short generation time - produce large number of offspring - easy to handle

what is pedigree analysis?

uses diagrams to show ancestral relationship and transmission genetics over several generations

what is statistical analysis?

- used in tandem with planned experimental breeding - tests for significant difference in variations

what is twin study?

determines which plays a more significant role in the expression of a trait: heredity or environment

what is karyotyping?

- metaphase chromosomes are arranged according to size and centromere location - detects chromosomal abberations

down syndrome has an extra chromosome in what chromosome number?

chromosome 21

what is DNA testing/ profiling?

detects differences at the molecular level

these are the discrete heritable units that are passed from parent to offspring

genes

what are alleles?

alternative forms of the same gene

where are alleles found?

in chromosomes

two types of alleles

dominant and recessive

it is the particular site in the chromosome where an allele is found

locus

these are the matched pair of chromosomes in a diploid cell

homologous chromosomes

it deals with the principles of variation and how it is inherited at the molecular level

molecular genetics

these composes chromosomes

DNA and histone proteins

shape of a prokaryotic DNA

circular

it is an irregularly shaped region within a prokaryotic cell that contains its genetic material

nucleoid

how are prokaryotic DNA packaged?

folded into a number of loops that are further condensed (twisting or supercoiling) held in place by RNA molecules with proteins

what comprises the eukaryotic nucleosome?

DNA and 8 histone molecules (2 of each: H2A, H2B, H3, and H4)

characteristics of a genetic material

- stable - replicable - translatable - mutable

describe the serotype IIR in Griffith's experiment

- rough colony morphology - capsule is absent - avirulent

describe the serotype IIIS in Griffith's experiment

- smooth colony morphology - capsule is present - virulent

components of nucleotides

- pentose sugar backbone - phosphate group - nitrogen base

pyrimidine bases

- cytosine - uracil - thymine

purine base

- guanine - adenine

how are nucleic acids connected to each other?

thru 3' to 5' phosphodiester bond

describe the strength of the H-bonds of pairs of nucleotides

- thymine and adenine: weak - cytosine and guanine: strong

the heavy strand of 2 complementary strands contains 50% of what?

purines

the light strand of 2 complementary strands contains 50% of what?

pyrimidines

features of B-DNA

- right-handed double helix - anti-parallel - bases are flat structures - ten base pairs per turn - alternating major and minor grooves

T or F: prokaryotic transcription/ translation is uncoupled

F, it is coupled

in what stage of the cell cycle does replication happen?

S phase

what are the types of transcription RNA and their function?

- tRNA: carries amino acids - rRNA: binds with proteins to form ribosomes - mRNA: template for protein synthesis - miRNA: regulates gene expression

T or F: nucleotide addition in transcription is done by DNA polymerase

F, it is RNA polymerase

T or F: transcription results to a single-stranded RNA

it is the strand wherein RNA is transcribed

antisense or template strand

T or F: transcribed RNA is identical to the coding strand

T or F: eubacteria uses several types of RNA polymerase for all types of RNA

F, uses only one

subunits involved in the polymerases of eukarya

- RNA pol I: 18S, 5.8S, 28S rRNA - RNA pol II: precursor mRNA, miRNA - RNA pol III: tRNA, 5S rRNA, miRNA

steps in transcription

- initiation - elongation - termination

it is the biosynthesis of amino acid sequence from an mRNA template

translation

what are the types of translation RNA?

- mRNA - tRNA - rRNA

it is a triplet of nucleotides that code for an amino acid

codon

activates tRNA in translation

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

rRNA binds with _______ to form ribosomes

ribonucleoproteins

this is where mRNA is read and translated into protein

Ribosome

these comprises the large subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes

5S, 23S

these comprises the large subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes

5S, 5.8S, 28S

T or F: transcription and translation occur simultaneously in prokaryotes