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Bio 140 > Lecture 01: Intro to Genetics > Flashcards

Lecture 01: Intro to Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is genetics?

A

the study of variation and heredity

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2
Q

what is variation?

A

similarities and differences among organisms

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3
Q

what is heredity?

A

how characteristics are transmitted thru generations

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4
Q

what does genetic information do?

A
  • directs cellular function
  • determines an organism’s external appearance
  • link between generations in every species
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5
Q

In history: genes are particulate factors

A

Gregor Mendel

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6
Q

In history: discovery of nucleic

A

Friedrich Miescher

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7
Q

In history: chromosomes are hereditary units

A

Walter Sutton

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8
Q

In history: genes lie on chromosomes

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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9
Q

In history: chromosomes are linear arrays of genes

A

Alfred Sturtevant

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10
Q

In history: mutations are physical changes in genes

A

Hermann Muller

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11
Q

In history: recombination occurs by crossing over

A

Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock

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12
Q

In history: a gene codes for a protein

A

George Beadle and Edward Tatum

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13
Q

In history: DNA is the genetic material

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

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14
Q

In history: first protein sequenced

A

Frederick Sanger

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15
Q

In history: DNA is a double helix

A

James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin

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16
Q

In history: DNA replicates semiconservatively

A

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

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17
Q

In history: genetic code is triplet

A

Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei

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18
Q

In history: DNA can be sequenced

A

Frederick Sanger, Allan Maxam, and Walter Gilbert

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19
Q

In history: Haemophilus influenzae genome sequenced

A

Institute of Genomic Research

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20
Q

In history: human genome sequenced

A

Human Genome Project

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20
Q

different fields of genetics

A
  • transmission genetics
  • cytogenetics
  • molecular genetics
  • population genetics
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21
Q

what is transmission genetics?

A

patterns of inheritance are determined thru planned breeding experiments

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22
Q

what is cytogenetics?

A

study of the cellular or physical basis of heredity (chromosomes)

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23
Q

what is molecular genetics?

A

characterization of the chemical nature of the genetic materials as well as the how the traits are expressed

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24
Q

what is population genetics?

A

describes the behavior of genes in large groups of individuals with passage of time

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25
Q

what are the methods of studying genetics?

A
  • planned experimental breeding
  • pedigree analysis
  • statistical analysis
  • twin study
  • karyotyping
  • DNA testing/ profiling
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26
Q

what is planned experimental breeding?

A

mating of individuals with contrasting traits

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27
Q

characteristics of a good test organism for genetic study

A
  • observable traits
  • can sexually reproduce
  • controlled mating not within the bounds of ethical concerns
  • short generation time
  • produce large number of offspring
  • easy to handle
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28
Q

what is pedigree analysis?

A

uses diagrams to show ancestral relationship and transmission genetics over several generations

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29
Q

what is statistical analysis?

A
  • used in tandem with planned experimental breeding
  • tests for significant difference in variations
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30
Q

what is twin study?

A

determines which plays a more significant role in the expression of a trait: heredity or environment

31
Q

what is karyotyping?

A
  • metaphase chromosomes are arranged according to size and centromere location
  • detects chromosomal abberations
32
Q

down syndrome has an extra chromosome in what chromosome number?

A

chromosome 21

33
Q

what is DNA testing/ profiling?

A

detects differences at the molecular level

34
Q

these are the discrete heritable units that are passed from parent to offspring

A

genes

35
Q

what are alleles?

A

alternative forms of the same gene

36
Q

where are alleles found?

A

in chromosomes

37
Q

two types of alleles

A

dominant and recessive

38
Q

it is the particular site in the chromosome where an allele is found

A

locus

39
Q

these are the matched pair of chromosomes in a diploid cell

A

homologous chromosomes

40
Q

it deals with the principles of variation and how it is inherited at the molecular level

A

molecular genetics

41
Q

these composes chromosomes

A

DNA and histone proteins

42
Q

shape of a prokaryotic DNA

A

circular

43
Q

it is an irregularly shaped region within a prokaryotic cell that contains its genetic material

A

nucleoid

44
Q

how are prokaryotic DNA packaged?

A

folded into a number of loops that are further condensed (twisting or supercoiling) held in place by RNA molecules with proteins

45
Q

what comprises the eukaryotic nucleosome?

A

DNA and 8 histone molecules (2 of each: H2A, H2B, H3, and H4)

46
Q

characteristics of a genetic material

A
  • stable
  • replicable
  • translatable
  • mutable
47
Q

describe the serotype IIR in Griffith’s experiment

A
  • rough colony morphology
  • capsule is absent
  • avirulent
48
Q

describe the serotype IIIS in Griffith’s experiment

A
  • smooth colony morphology
  • capsule is present
  • virulent
49
Q

components of nucleotides

A
  • pentose sugar backbone
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogen base
50
Q

pyrimidine bases

A
  • cytosine
  • uracil
  • thymine
51
Q

purine base

A
  • guanine
  • adenine
52
Q

how are nucleic acids connected to each other?

A

thru 3’ to 5’ phosphodiester bond

53
Q

describe the strength of the H-bonds of pairs of nucleotides

A
  • thymine and adenine: weak
  • cytosine and guanine: strong
54
Q

the heavy strand of 2 complementary strands contains 50% of what?

A

purines

55
Q

the light strand of 2 complementary strands contains 50% of what?

A

pyrimidines

56
Q

features of B-DNA

A
  • right-handed double helix
  • anti-parallel
  • bases are flat structures
  • ten base pairs per turn
  • alternating major and minor grooves
57
Q

T or F: prokaryotic transcription/ translation is uncoupled

A

F, it is coupled

58
Q

in what stage of the cell cycle does replication happen?

A

S phase

59
Q

what are the types of transcription RNA and their function?

A
  • tRNA: carries amino acids
  • rRNA: binds with proteins to form ribosomes
  • mRNA: template for protein synthesis
  • miRNA: regulates gene expression
60
Q

T or F: nucleotide addition in transcription is done by DNA polymerase

A

F, it is RNA polymerase

61
Q

T or F: transcription results to a single-stranded RNA

A

T

62
Q

it is the strand wherein RNA is transcribed

A

antisense or template strand

63
Q

T or F: transcribed RNA is identical to the coding strand

A

T

64
Q

T or F: eubacteria uses several types of RNA polymerase for all types of RNA

A

F, uses only one

65
Q

subunits involved in the polymerases of eukarya

A
  • RNA pol I: 18S, 5.8S, 28S rRNA
  • RNA pol II: precursor mRNA, miRNA
  • RNA pol III: tRNA, 5S rRNA, miRNA
66
Q

steps in transcription

A
  • initiation
  • elongation
  • termination
67
Q

it is the biosynthesis of amino acid sequence from an mRNA template

A

translation

68
Q

what are the types of translation RNA?

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • rRNA
69
Q

it is a triplet of nucleotides that code for an amino acid

A

codon

70
Q

activates tRNA in translation

A

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

71
Q

rRNA binds with _______ to form ribosomes

A

ribonucleoproteins

72
Q

this is where mRNA is read and translated into protein

A

Ribosome

73
Q

these comprises the large subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes

A

5S, 23S

74
Q

these comprises the large subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes

A

5S, 5.8S, 28S

75
Q

T or F: transcription and translation occur simultaneously in prokaryotes

A

T

Bio 140 (2 decks)

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