Lecture 0 Flashcards
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is a(n) _____________________.
a. element
b. compound
c. isotope
d. proton
e. molecule
a. element
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Iron is needed by all humans
b. Some naturally occurring elements are toxic to organisms
c. All life requires the same essential elements
d. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are the most abundant elements of living matter
c. All life requires the same essential elements
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the atoms described below?
Atom 1 = (1)(1)H
Atom 2 = (3)(1)H
a. They are isotopes
b. They contain 1 and 3 protons, respectively
c. They are isomers
d. They each contain only 1 neutron
a. They are isotopes
Magnesium has an atomic number of 12. What is the most stable charge for a magnesium ion?
a. a +1 charge
b. a +2 charge
c. a -2 charge
d. a -1 charge
b. a +2 charge
Which of the atoms below would be most likely to form a cation with a charge of +1?
a. Atom with 6 valence electrons
b. Atom with 9 valence electrons
c. Atom with 3 valence electrons
d. Atom with 8 valence electrons
c. Atom with 3 valence electrons
Can the atomic mass of an element vary?
a. Yes. Adding or losing protons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element
b. Yes. Adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element
c. No, it is fixed. If it changes at all then you have formed a different element
d. Yes. Adding or losing electrons will substantially change the atomic mass
b. Yes. Adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element
A carbon atom and a hydrogen atom form what type of bond in a molecule?
a. polar covalent bond
b. ionic bond
c. hydrogen bond
d. nonpolar covalent bond
e. Van der Waals interaction
d. nonpolar covalent bond
An ionic bond is formed when ____________.
a. one atom transfers an electron to another atom
b. atoms are subjected to radioactive isotopes
c. both atoms are electrically neutral
d. both atoms are nonpolar
e. both atoms are equally attractive to electrons
a. one atom transfers an electron to another atom
Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)?
a. Ammonia has an overall positive charge.
b. The nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge; each hydrogen atom has a partial negative charge
c. Ammonia has an overall negative charge
d. Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge
d. Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge
How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
b. two
The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound.
a. H2S
b. HS
c. HS2
d. H3S2
e. H4S
a. H2S
In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by ______.
a. ionic bonds
b. polar covalent bonds
c. nonpolar covalent bonds
d. hydrogen bonds
b. polar covalent bonds
Sulfur is in the same column of the periodic table as oxygen, but has electronegativity similar to carbon. Compared to water molecules, molecules of H2S will ____________.
a. not form hydrogen bonds with each other
b. have a greater tendency to form hydrogen bonds with each other
c. have greater cohesion to other molecules of H2S
d. have a higher capacity to absorb heat for the same change in temperature
a. not form hydrogen bonds with each other
Many of water’s emergent properties, such as its cohesion, its high specific heat, and its high heat of vaporization, result from the fact that water molecules _________________.
a. are extremely large
b. tend to repel each other
c. are very small
d. are in constant motion
e. are attracted to each other by partial negative and positive charges on the oxygen and hydrogen atoms, respectively
e. are attracted to each other by partial negative and positive charges on the oxygen and hydrogen atoms, respectively
Which of the following is property of liquid water? Liquid water _________________.
a. is nonpolar
b. has a specific heat that is lower than that for most other substances
c. has a heat of vaporization that is higher than that for most other substances
d. is less dense than ice
c. has a heat of vaporization that is higher than that for most other substances
Sodas typically contain sugar, flavorings, coloring agents, and carbon dioxide dissolved in water. The best term to describe this mixture would be ___________________.
a. a suspension
b. a solute
c. a solvent
d. an aqueous solution
e. an aqueous solvent
d. an aqueous solution
Why does ice float in liquid water?
a. The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent the ice from sinking
b. The high surface tension of liquid water keeps the ice on top
c. The crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than liquid water
d. Stable hydrogen bonds keep water molecules of ice farther apart than water molecules of liquid water
d. Stable hydrogen bonds keep water molecules of ice farther apart than water molecules of liquid water
You have freshly prepared 0.1M glucose solution. Each liter of this solution contains how many glucose molecules?
a. 3.01 x 10^23
b. 6.02 x 10^22
c. 6.02 x 10^23
d. 6.02 x 10^24
b. 6.02 x 10^22
Select the statement that best describes a buffer.
a. A buffer stabilizes the pH of a solution by preventing acids or bases from dissociating
b. A buffer resists change in pH by accepting hydrogen ions when acids are added to the solution and donating hydrogen ions when bases are added
c. A buffer causes acidic solutions to become alkaline, and alkaline solutions to become acidic
d. A buffer prevents the pH of a solution from changing when an acid or base is added
e. Buffered solutions are always neutral, with a pH of 7
b. A buffer resists change in pH by accepting hydrogen ions when acids are added to the solution and donating hydrogen ions when bases are added
Which of the following dissociates completely in solution and is considered to be a strong base (alkali)?
a. NH3
b. NaOH
c. H2CO3
d. HCl
b. NaOH
Assume that acid rain has lowered the pH of a particular lake to pH 4.0. What is the hydroxide ion concentration of this lake?
a. 4.0M with regard to hydroxide ion concentration
b. 4.0 x 10^-4 mol of hydroxide ions per liter of lake water
c. 1 x10^-10 mol of hydroxide ions per liter of lake water
d. 1 x 10^-4 mol of hydroxide ions per liter of lake water
c. 1 x10^-10 mol of hydroxide ions per liter of lake water
Vitalism gave way to mechanism, the view that _________________.
a. physical and chemical laws govern living systems
b. bond angles are unpredictable
c. life on Earth began by way of abiotic synthesis of organic compounds
d. there was a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws
e. carbon’s ability to form four covalent bonds makes complex molecules possible
a. physical and chemical laws govern living systems
The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to ____________.
a. the chemical versatility of carbon atoms
b. their interaction with water
c. the diverse bonding patterns of nitrogen
d. the variety of rare elements in organic molecules
a. the chemical versatility of carbon atoms
Which of the following is a hydrocarbon?
a. H2CO3
b. C6H12O6
c. C3H8
d. CCl2F2
e. CO2
c. C3H8