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block 8 > lectuire 5 menopause > Flashcards

lectuire 5 menopause Flashcards

1
Q

what is premature menopause?

A

POF

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2
Q

what are the ‘characters’

A

neuropeptides
glycoproteins
steroids

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3
Q

what are the neuropeptides?

A

GnRH

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4
Q

where is GnRH produced?

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

what does GnRh act on?

A

anterior pituitary gland

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6
Q

what are the glycoproteins?

A

FSH

LH

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7
Q

what is in common with the glycoproteins

A

common alpha chain

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8
Q

what type of receptors are the LH and FSH receptors?

A

G protein coupled

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9
Q

common biochemical precurser for steroids?

A

cholesterol

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10
Q

what are the steroid hormones?

A

prostogens
androgen
corticosteroids

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11
Q

how do the steroid hormones start out?

A

acetate

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12
Q

where do the steroid hormones form

A

mitochondria

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13
Q

how do neuropeptides and glycoproteins interact with the cell?

A

receptor on cell membrane

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14
Q

how do steroids interact with the cell and why?

A

act on the nucleus because they are lipids

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15
Q

what does the hypothalamus produce?

A

GnRH

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16
Q

how does GnRH reach the anterior pituitary gland

A

blood

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17
Q

how often does the hypothalamus release GnRH?

A

hourly

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18
Q

when is the gametogenic potential established

A

foetus

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19
Q

which cells express SRY?

A

coelamic epithelium

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20
Q

what hapopens when there is no SRY?

A

PGC stop mitosis and begin meiosis

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21
Q

at what stage do the PGCs stop meiosis?

A

diplotene stage

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22
Q

how is genetic shuffling done?

A

meiosis

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23
Q

can folliculargenesis start in the sbasnce of hormones?

A

yes

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24
Q

how are the vast majority of follicles lost?

A

atresia

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25
Q

what is the antral follicle characterised by?

A

antrum which is a fluid filled cavity

26
Q

what is an oocyte surrounded by?

A

granulosa cells

27
Q

what are the granulosa cells surrounded by?

A

theca cells

28
Q

when is the oocyte number fixed?

A

3/4 months

29
Q

what stage are the follicles arested at until birth?

A

prophase 1

30
Q

what triggers the development of the folicle?

A

FSH and LH

31
Q

what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase and luteal phase

32
Q

dominant hormone in follicular phase?

A

oestrogen

33
Q

dominant hormone in luteal phase?

A

progesterone

34
Q

what do theca cells have receptors for?

A

LH

35
Q

what is the action of LH binding?

A

stimulates the synthesis of androgens

36
Q

what is the action of FSH binding?

A

granulosa cells express the androgen aromatase

37
Q

what type is the oestrogen?

A

oestrogen E217B

38
Q

how is the production of FSH inhibited?

A

inhibin B released by the granulosa cells

39
Q

what do androgens do?

A

cause proliferation of the granulosa cells and and the folicle gets bigger

40
Q

what does the dominant follicle produce?

A

AMH

41
Q

why does the dominant folicle produce AMH?

A

to stop competing follicles

42
Q

what does oestrogen surge act on

A

granulosa cells

43
Q

what does a rise in LH trigger?

A

ovulation

44
Q

what do granulosa cells also make in response to high oestrogen?

A

progesterone

45
Q

what does the follicle do in response to the LH surge?

A

undergoes nuclear maturation

46
Q

what happens during nuclear maturation?

A

unequal cell division and most of the sytoplasm is retained in secondary oocyte
second meiosis phase starts and arrests at metaphase 2

47
Q

what happens when the oocyte undergoes cytoplasmic maturation

A

moves things around

48
Q

what day does ovultion occur?

A

day 14

49
Q

what happens to oocyte and follicle at day 14

A

it ruptures out of follicle

50
Q

what does the ruptures follicle become?

A

corpus luteum

51
Q

what does corpus luteum secrete?

A

oestrogen and progesterone

52
Q

what happens to the luteal phase 14 days past ovulation?

A

stops unless pregnant

53
Q

what produces adrogens in reponse to LH?

A

theca cells

54
Q

what are the phases of the uterine cycle?

A

menstrual, proliferative and secretory phase

55
Q

what is the proliferative phase for?

A

preparing for pregnancy

56
Q

when is the endometrium re-epitheliased?

A

4-7 after the beginning of menstruation

57
Q

when does the thickness of the endometrium thicken until?

A

ovulation

58
Q

what hormones are involved in the secretory phase?

A

progesterone and oestrogen

59
Q

what happens in the secretory phase?

A

secretory development of the endometrium

60
Q

what are menopause symptoms due to?

A

lack of oestrogen

61
Q

what does a lack of oestrogen cause post menopausal?

A

gradual rise of testosterone

block 8 (10 decks)

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