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Hema 2 Th 🩸 > Lectuer1 Part 2 > Flashcards

Lectuer1 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do we mean by Benign?

A

It’s no malgnincy disorders

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2
Q

we have two methods to notice any change in leukocytes what are they ?

A

Quantitative and Qualitative

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3
Q

Quantitative mean? and what Terminology we use it ?

A

Change in number

Cytosis / philia
Increase in number

Cytopenia/penia
Decrease in number

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4
Q

Qualitative

mean?

A

changes in Morphologic or Functional

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5
Q

if the total WBC is 25,000, the absolute

value (40% of 25,000) calculate the absolute value?

A

Calculation: absolute count= Total WBC x percent
25,000*40=100,000/100=10,000

ياحلوات هنا مره مهم تعرفون الformula تضربون القيم وبالنهاية تقسمون الناتج على 100

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6
Q

differentiation in WBC to 3 specific cells? please mentioned the names with examples?

A

1-Leucocytes
Phagocytes

Granulocytes

Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils

2-Lymphocytes
B-cells T-cells

3-Mononuclear phagocytic cells

Monocytes

Macrophage and denderetic
cells

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7
Q

What the difference between LEUCOCYTOSIS and LEUCOPENIA?

A

LEUCOCYTOSIS //
Raised TWBC above 11.0 x 109/L in adults, due to elevation of any of a single lineage.

Note: elevation of the minor cell
populations can occur without a rise in the total white cell count.

LEUCOPENIA//

TWBC lower than 4.5 x 109/L in elevation of any of a single lineage.

Leucopenia may affect one or more lineages and it is possible to be severely neutropenic or lymphopenic without a reduction in total white cell count.

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8
Q

What the difference between Granulocytosis and Agranulocytosis?

A 
*Granulocytosis
Increase in the count of all or one of the granulocytic component:
Ex:
Neutrophils 
Basophils 
Eosinophils

*Agranulocytosis
Decrease in the count of all or one granulocytic component

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9
Q

Definition of NEUTROPHILIA ?

A

Increase in the number of neutrophils and / or its precursors

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10
Q

True or false
In adults count<7.5 x 109/L but the counts are shape
dependent

A

False /
adults count >7.5 x 109/L but the counts are age
dependent
ضروري تعرفون انها تعتمد على العمر والعدد

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11
Q

Mention the Causes of Neutrophilia ?

A 
Infection • 
Inflammatory conditions
• Neoplasia 
• Metabolic conditions
Uraemia 
Acidosis 
Haemorhage
  • Corticosteroids
  • Marrow infiltration/fibrosis
  • Myeloproliferative disorders
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12
Q

NEUTROPHILIA have two types …………………and ………………

A

Acute Neutrophilia and Chronic neutrophilia

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13
Q

Causes of Chronic neutrophilia?

A

Long term corticosteroid therapy
Chronic inflammatory reactions
Infections or chronic blood loss Infections
Less common organisms e.g poliomyelitis

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14
Q

Acute Neutrophilia is ………………………………

A

Mobilized rapidly by stress, suggested by adrenaline stress

test; due to reduced neutrophil adhesion

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15
Q

Causes of Acute Neutrophilia ?

A 
Bacterial infection 
Stress 
Exercise
Slower rise when cells are released from the bone marrow
storage pool
Steroid 
Infections
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16
Q

True or false

Steroids reduces the passage to the tissues

A

True

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17
Q

Leukemoid reactions have 3 important point to diagnosis?

A

neutrophilia with marked leucocytosis (>20 x 109/L)

NEUTROPHILIA >50,000 x109

The usual feature is the shift to the left of myeloid cells

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18
Q

Causes of Leukemoid reactions

include?

A

Infections
Marrow infiltration,
Systemic disease (e.g.: Acute liver failure)

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19
Q

NEUTROPENIA is ………………

A

Neutropenia is an absolute reduction in the number of

circulating neutrophils: Reduction in granulocytes:

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20
Q

Reduction in granulocytes can be …………………or ……………………

A

Decreased Production – Marrow.
• Increased destruction – drugs, immune
ا

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21
Q

Mention the mild and Moderate and Severe range to NEUTROPENIA and any ranges effect on agranulocytosis ?

A

Mild (1- 1.5 x 109/L)
Moderate (0.5 – 1 x 109/L)
Severe (<0.5 x 109/L) agranulocytosis
Sever is effect in agranulocytosis process

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22
Q

✅❌

Symptoms are present with the neutrophil count above 1 x 109/L

A

❌

Symptoms are rare with the neutrophil count above 1 x 109/L

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23
Q

commonest kind of infection is …………………

relatively uncommon kind of infection is …….

A

Bacterial infections are the commonest. Fungal, viral and parasitic infection are relatively uncommon.

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24
Q

Causes of Neutropenia?

A 
• Racial 
• Congenital 
• Marrow aplasia 
• Marrow infiltration 
• Megaloblastic anemia
 • Acute infections
Typhoid, Miliary TB, viral hepatitis
• Drugs 
• Irradiation exposure 
• Immune disorders 
• Hypersplenism (splenomegaly)
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25
Q

EOSINOPHILIA is ?

A

Increase in the eosinophil count must prompt for further

investigation (>0.6 x 109/L)

26
Q

The causes of eosinophilia ?

A

Allergy
Atopic, drug sensitivity and pulmonary eosinophilia

Infection

Parasites, recovery from infections

Malignancy
Hodgkin’s disease and myeloproliferative disorders

Drugs

Skin disorders

Gastrointestinal disorders

Hypereosinophilic syndrome

27
Q

Hypereosinophilic syndrome • Criteria of diagnosis ?

A

Peripheral blood eosinophil >1.5 x 109/L

Persistence of counts more than 6 months
End organ damage

Absence of any obvious cause for eosinophilia

28
Q

what are the organs that dameged in Hypereosinophilic syndrome ?

A 
Organ most commonly involved
Heart 
Lung 
Skin 
Neurological
29
Q

MONOCYTOSIS…………………

A

Absolute monocyte count is age dependent

30
Q

✅❌

Count rarely exceeds <1.0 x 109/L

A

❌

Count rarely exceeds >1.0 x 109/L

31
Q

Causes of monocytosis can be grouped as •

A

Infections
Chronic infection (TB, typhoid fever, infective
endocarditis)
Recovery from acute infection

• Malignant disease
• Connective tissue disorders
Ulcerative colitis, Sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease

32
Q

………………least common of the granulocytes

A

Basophils

33
Q

Reference range for adult in BASOPHILIA

A

is 0 – 0.2 x 109/L

34
Q

Causes of BASOPHILIA

A

Most commonly associated with hypersensitivity reactions to drugs

or food •
Inflammatory conditions e.g Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ulcerative
colitis are also sometime associated with basophilia • Myeloproliferative disorders

• Chronic myeloid leukemia

35
Q

The blood contain only few percent of total body of …………………

A

lymphocytes

36
Q

✅❌

MONOCYTOSIS Have no marrow reserves

A

✅

37
Q

Causes of monocytosis can be grouped as ?

A

Infections

Chronic infection (TB, typhoid fever, infective endocarditis)

Recovery from acute infection

Malignant disease

Connective tissue disorders
Ulcerative colitis, Sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease

38
Q

Reference range for adult in Basophils

A

is 0 – 0.2 x 109/L

39
Q

Alteration of lymphocyte counts can result from

A

The redistribution of lymphocytes

Absolute increase of lymphocyte number

Loss of lymphocytes

Combination of these

40
Q

causes of LY M P H O C Y T O S I S

A

Infections

Viral infections
Infectious mononucleosis

CytoMegaloVirus 
Rubella, 
hepatitis, 
adenoviruses, 
chicken pox

Bacterial infections
Typhoid fever
Protozoal infections
Toxoplasmosis

• Allergic drug reactions • Hyperthyroidism •
Splenectomy •
Serum sickness

41
Q

✅❌

lymphocytosis is Non-malignant causes

A

✅

42
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis caused by ………………virus

A

Epstein-Barr virus

43
Q

✅❌

Saliva from infected person is the main contagion

A

✅

44
Q

Virus infect……&……………

A

epithelial cells and B cells

45
Q

✅❌
Infectious Mononucleosis in children under the age of 10 does not cause illness
and result in life long immunity

A

✅

46
Q

Clinical features of Infectious Mononucleosis

A 
Fever
, malaise, 
fatigue, 
sore throat, 
splenomegaly Blood picture shows leucocytosis ( 10 – 20 x 109/L) due to absolute 
increase in  lymphocytes
47
Q

Diagnosis Infectious Mononucleosis by

A

serological tests

48
Q

✅❌

There is specific treatment for Infectious Mononucleosis

A

❌

There is no specific treatment

49
Q

Describe the shape of cell in Infectious Mononucleosis

A

Large lymphocytes, more cytoplasm. Irregular, indented by RBC – also known as virocyte

50
Q

Explain Pelger-Huet anomaly morphology

A

Bilobed and occasional unsegmented neutrophils Autosomal recessive disorder

51
Q

In Pelger-Huet anomaly what happens for chromatin?

A

chromatin is

coarsely clumped

52
Q

Explain colors in Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

And where can we Found it?

A

Contain very large,reddish-purple or
greenish-gray staining granules in the
cytoplasm of granulocytes

• In monocytes & lymphocytes, stain
bluish-purple

Fond in: anemia, neutropenia,
thrombocytopenia

53
Q

granules in Chediak-Higashi Syndrome represent …………………

A

abnormal lysosomes

54
Q

Inherited condition
Heavy, coarse blue-black granules
of Baso Eisino Neutrophil (BEN)
& sometimes lymphocytes & monocytes.

write name of this anomaly

A

Alder-Reilly anomaly

55
Q

Inherited anomaly affecting neutrophils and platelets

• Larger than usual Dohle-like bodies •

Giant bizarre platelets is present & function may be abnormal

write name of this anomaly?

A

May-Hegglin Anomaly

56
Q

LEUCOCYTES BENIGN DISORDERS Qualitative changes (MORPHOLOGY)

It Have 4 morphology are Acquired what are they ?

A

Toxic granulation
Dohle bodies
Pelger cells
Hypersegmented neutrophils

57
Q

Explain morphology of Toxic granulation and where can we found it ?

A

Dark blue-black cytoplasmic granules in neutrophil •

Thought as primary granules •

Show inc.alkaline
phosphatase activity

• Found in: acute infections
drug poisoning
burns

58
Q

Explain morphology of Dohle Bodies

and where can we found it ?

A

Single or multiple light blue or gray areas in cytoplasm of neutrophils •

RER & represent failure of cytoplasm to mature •

Found in: infections
poisoning
burns
following chemotherapy

59
Q

Explain morphology of Hypersegmented Neutrophils

and where can we found it ?

A

Neutrophils with six or more lobed nucleus •

Represents an abnormality in maturation of neutrophil •

Acquired(in megaloblastic erythropoiesis) or inherited(Undritz
anomaly) •

Found in: pernicious anemia
folic acid deficiency chronic infections

60
Q

Explain morphology of Vacuolated neutrophi

and where can we found it ?

A

Degeneration of cytoplasm begins to acquire holes or as result
of active phagocytosis

• May reflect increased lysosomal activity

• Found in: septicemia
severe infection

61
Q

Explain morphology of Giant Neutrophils

and where can we found it ?

A

Can be seen occasionally in normal peripheral blood smear
• Larger than normal neutrophils and generally hyperlobulated

• Found in frequency of 1 in every 20,000 neutrophils but
increase in disease states

Hema 2 Th 🩸 (13 decks)

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