Lectrure 2 Flashcards
Definition of hemopoietic malignancies ?
clonal diseases that derive from a single cell in
the marrow or peripheral lymphoid tissue
which has undergone a genetic alteration.
ملاحظة( hemopoietic malignancies )لها اسم ثاني اللي هو neoplasm
Carcinogenesis how occur
When the body can’t controled between proliferation and cell
death (apoptosis).
This results in
uncontrolled cell division and the
evolution of those cells by natural
selection in the body
The uncontrolled and often rapid proliferation of cells can lead to benign tumors; some types of these may turn into malignant tumors (cancer). بالمختصر ان جسمنا مايقدر يسوي موازنة بين التصنيع والتخلص ممن الخلايا عن. طريق موت الخلية المبرمج وهنا يصير الانتاج للخلايا مره كثير وسريع لدرجة الجسم مايقدر يسيطر على هالوضع فيصير الكانسر الله يكفينا الشر
What Deferences between Benign tumors and Malignant tumors ?
نعتمد في المقارنة على ٣ اشياء (ينتشر ولا لا ٬يأذي الخلايا والانسجة ولا لا ٬ يهدد حياة المريض ولا لا مرره بتساعدكم ترتبون معلوماتكم هالطريقة )
Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body
Don’t invade other tissues
and they are rarely a threat to life unless they compress vital structures or are physiologically active, for instance, producing a
hormone.
Malignant tumors can invade other organs,
spread to distant locations (metastasis) and become
life-threatening.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF BLOOD CANCERS in to 3 types what are they
LEUKEMIA
Cells originate from WHITE BLOOD CELLS or their precursors
LYMPHOMA
Affects Lymphatic system and is a cancer of Bone marrow derived cells MYELOMA
Cancer of WHITE BLOOD CELLS (plasma cells) that are responsible for the manufacture of Antibodies
What are the Etiology of the haemopoietic malignancies ?
. genetic mutations and environmental
Note: the majority of individual cases neither a genetic
susceptibility nor an environmental agent is apparent.
Genes involved in the development of cancer can be divided into two
groups …………and ………………
Oncogenes : is a gene that when mutated or expressed
at abnormally-high levels contributes to converting a normal cell into a cancer cell.
• Tumor-suppressor genes: The products of some genes inhibit
mitosis. These genes are called tumor suppressor genes. The
suicide of damaged cells — apoptosis — provides an important
mechanism for ridding the body of cells that could go on to form
a cancer.
TWO TYPES OF Classification of Hematological Malignancies ………………and ……………
1.The French–American–British (FAB) classification.
Based on morphological characteristic of Wright-stained cells in peripheral blood or bone marrow with supplementary cytochemical stains
2.The WHO classifications:
- Classification system uses morphology, cytochemistry and
immunophenotyping to determine cell lineage and degree of
maturation(similar to FAB)
- Additionally uses genetic and clinical features prior to
therapy and history of MDS to define subgroups
What’s the Lab Techniques for Diagnosis and classification of neoplasms?
- Cytochemical analysis
- Immunologic marker studies
- Molecular Genetics
What’s the special characters of Cytochemical analysis?
In vitro staining of cells to look at cells’ chemical
composition يتسوى داخل اللاب
Evaluation of positivity in these stains must be
determined on the leukemic blast stage of the cell
يفرق بين المراحل وكمان linage °ree of matuation
• Usually performed on bone marrow slides
مثل ماشرحتها لما نحط نسج على سلايد ونشوفه تحت المايكرو
• Helpful in differentiating lymphoid or myeloid lineage of
blasts
Reactions are either enzymatic or nonenzymatic
تحدد اذا كان يتفاعل مع الانزيم ولا لا
How many type for Cytochemical stains ?
- Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
- Sudan Black B
- Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
Esterases
Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP)
Acid Phosphatase
Terminal Deoxynucleotidy transferase (TdT)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) it’s a type of Cytochemical stain and has a lot of characteristics. can you explain these characteristics?
Activity is present in the primary granules
Separates myeloid and lymphoid neoplasm
Granules stain reddish-brown
Smears must be fresh
Read this characteristics and select these
?characteristic related to any kind of stain
Granules stain black
Activity is present in phospholipids
do not have to be fresh smear
Sudan Black B
What’s the special characters of Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)?
Activity is in glycogen and related substances
- Stains lymphocytes, granulocytes, megakaryocytes
- Stains red-purple in blocks in cytoplasm
Esterases has two types based on specifity …………&…………………
- Specific Esterase (Naphthol AS-D Chloroacetate)
* Nonspecific Esterase (Alpha-Naphthyl Acetate)
Explain the Deferences between Specific Esterase and Nonspecific Esterase?
Both are Activity is in cytoplasm
*Specific Esterase (Naphthol AS-D Chloroacetate)
• Stains neutrophilic granulocytes, differentiates monoblasts and
myeloblasts
٠Granules of myeloblasts stain blue-black
*Nonspecific Esterase (Alpha-Naphthyl Acetate)
- Stains monocytes and also megakaryocytes
- Addition of Na fluoride to this stain inhibits activity in monocytes
- Granules stain orange red
