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HEMA 2 > LECT | MIDTERM > Flashcards

LECT | MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

important in helping diagnose bleeding disorders.

A

Platelet counts

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2
Q

Platelets function primarily in

A

hemostasis and maintaining capillary integrity

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3
Q

Normal Range of Platelet count

A

150,000-450,000/ uL or 150-450 x103/mm3

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4
Q
  • 1-4um(or2-4um)
  • No nucleus
  • Cytoplasm: very granular, Light blue to purple
A

Platelet

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5
Q

granular and located centrally.

A

Chromomere

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6
Q

Surrounds the chromomere, non granular and clear to light blue.

A

hyalomere

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7
Q

Found in:
- Polycythemia vera
- Idiopathic thrombocythemia
- chronic myelogeno

A

Thrombocytosis

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8
Q

Occurs in :

  • Gaucher’s disease
  • Pernicious anemia
  • Following therapy
A

Thrombocytopenia

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9
Q

Occurs in:

  • Thromobyctopenic purpura
  • aplastic anemia
A

Thrombocytopenia

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10
Q

Dilute whole blood by using either

A

1% ammonium oxalate or Rees-Ecker fluid

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11
Q

Dilution

A

1:100

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12
Q

Swith to HPO and perform couting in how many
Intermediary squares

A

25

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13
Q

Count platelets in how many oil immersion fields

A

10

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14
Q
  • Measures ability of platelet to arrest Bleeding
  • Assess Platelet number and Function (Primary Hemostasis)
A

Bleeding time

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15
Q

Method of Ivy uses a pressure of

A

40 mmHg

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16
Q

Method of Ivy normal value

A

2.5- 7 min

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17
Q

Puncture site of method of ivy

A

5 cm below antecubital crease

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18
Q

Site of Method of duke

A

Earlobe

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19
Q

Method of Duke normal value

A

1-3 min

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20
Q

Bleeding Time Elevated with

A
  • Von Willebrand Disease
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Inherited Platelet Dysfunction
  • Aspirin
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21
Q

inihibits cyclo-oxygenase enzyme that may prevent the production of Thromboxane A2 and prevent platelet aggregation

A

Aspirin

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22
Q

Capillary Fragility Test pressure

A

80 mmHg

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23
Q

Capillary fragility test positive result

A

> 20 Petechiae

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24
Q

Measures platelet and vascular disorders and assess capillary fragility

A

Capillary fragility test

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25
Q

function
of microfilaments

A

Clot retraction

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26
Q

In clot retraction test, the clot retracts and expresses the serum within

A

2 hours

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27
Q

What are the Quantitative Platelet Disorders

A

Thrombocytopenia & Thrombocytosis

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28
Q
  • decreased Platelet count
  • can be a result of the following
    1. decreased platelet production
    2. decreased platelet survival
    3. increased splenic sequestration
    4. dilution due to multiple blood transfusion
A

Thrombocytopenia

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29
Q

Corresponding to problems in the bone marrow

A

Decreased platelet production

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30
Q
  1. Congenital Hypoplasia
  2. Acquired-drugs
  3. Infiltration of BM by Malignant Cells
  4. Ineffective Thrombopiesis (Platelet Shedding)
  5. Viral Infections : HIV or Hepatitis
A

Decreased platelet production

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31
Q

Immunologic or Drug Induced

A

Decreased platelet survival

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32
Q
  1. Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura
  2. Quinine (anti-malarial drug that is allowing
    your body to produce antibodies towards the drug that mimics antigens in your platelets which will result to lysis of your platelets)
  3. Post Transfusion Purpura
A

Decreased platelet survival

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33
Q

Splenomegaly (1/3 splenic pool) or Hypersplenism

A

Increased Splenic Sequestration

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34
Q

Multiple transfusion because stored blood contains nonviable, dysfunctional platelets

A

Dilution of Platelet Count

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35
Q
  • Increase amount of Platelets in the circulation
  • Myeloproliferative disorders
  • Infection (Septic)
  • Splenectomy
A

Thrombocytosis

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36
Q

What are the Qualitative Platelet Disorders

A
  1. Platelet Adhesion Defects
  2. Platelet Aggregation Defects
  3. Platelet Secretion Defects
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37
Q

What are the Platelet Adhesion Defects

A
  1. Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
  2. von Willebrand’s Disease
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38
Q
  1. autosomal recessive trait characterized by absence of GP Ib (receptor for vWf)
  2. Characterized by defective platelet adhesion
  3. Detected by In vitro Aggregation Test of Platelets (using an aggregometer)
A

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

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39
Q

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome test result

A

PLT aggregation normal with ADP, Epinephrine, Collagen but Abnormal with Ristocetin

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40
Q

Absent/ Abnormal von Willebrand Factor

A

von Willebrand’s Disease

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41
Q

von Willebrand’s Disease test result

A

Same as Bernard Soulier but Positive to von Willebrand Factor Ag Test

42
Q

What are the Platelet Aggregation Defects

A
  1. Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia
  2. Aspirin Ingestion
43
Q

Decreased or Absence of GP IIb/ IIIa (receptor for fibrinogen)

A

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia

44
Q

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia test result

A

Normal Response only on ristocetin but abnormal with ADP, Epinephrine, Collagen

45
Q

Cyclooxygenase Pathway inhibitor. Cause a defect in PLT aggregation.

A

Aspirin Ingestion

46
Q

What are the Platelet Secretion Defects

A
  1. Gray Platelet Syndrome
  2. Storage Pool Disorder
47
Q

absence of alpha granules. Platelets appear gray in wright stained smears.

A

Gray Platelet Syndrome

48
Q

Diminished delta granules or Dense Bodies

A

Storage Pool Disorder

49
Q

Storage Pool Disorder occur in inherited diseases such as

A
  1. Chediak Higashi syndrome
  2. Hermanky-Pudlak syndrome
  3. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
50
Q

charcterized by enlarged lysosomal vesicle in blood cells.

A

Chediak Higashi syndrome

51
Q

autosomal recessive albanism

A

Hermanky-Pudlak syndrome

52
Q

X-Linked recessive disease Characterized by a triad of Eczema, Immune Deficiency and Thrombocytopenia

A

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

53
Q

auto-immune disorders : Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and characterized by low platelet count, but high MPV (mean platelet volume)

A

Giant Platelet Disorders

54
Q

Caused by glycoprotein abnormalities: Bernard Soulier syndrome

A

Giant Platelet Disorders

55
Q

Caused by alpha granules defect: gray platelet syndrome

A

Giant Platelet Disorders

56
Q

Characterized by abnormal
inclusions: May–Hegglin (MYH9 gene): Giant Platelets, Dohle Bodies in WBC.

A

Giant Platelet Disorders

57
Q

rare congenital bleeding disorder that is due to a defect in a platelet mechanism required for blood coagulation.

A

Scott Syndrome

58
Q

mechanism for translocating PS to the platelet membrane is defective, resulting in impaired thrombin formation.

A

Scott Syndrome

59
Q

binding site for plasma protein complexes that are involved in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, such as factor VIIIa-IXa (tenase) and factor Va-Xa (prothrombinase).

A

Phosphatidylserine (PS)

60
Q

Vascular disorder : bruising in the skin

A

Purpura

61
Q

What are the Hereditary Vascular Disorders

A
  1. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome)
  2. Ehler-Danlos Syndrome
62
Q
  • Missing elastin in the surrounding stroma of blood vessel
  • Characterized by Normal Bleeding Time and Increased Capillary Fragility
A

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome)

63
Q
  • X linked Trait ascribed by defect in collagen production.
  • Prolonged Bleeding Time and Capillary Fragility
A

Ehler-Danlos Syndrome

64
Q

What are the Acquired Vascular Disorders

A
  1. Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
  2. Senile Purpura
  3. Scurvy
  4. Infectious
65
Q

Allergic purpura. Vasculitis mediated by immune complexes containing IgA antibodies.

A

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

66
Q

Common in elderly men. Due to lack of collagen support for small blood vessel and loss of subcutaneous fat and elastic fibers.

A

Senile Purpura

67
Q

Due to Ascorbic Acid (Vit C deficiency) that result to decreased synthesis of collagen and Hyaluronic Acid

A

Scurvy

68
Q

meningococcemia, Rickettsial infections, Staphylococcal infections (Endotoxin)

A

Infectious

69
Q

formation of insoluble, cross-linked fibrin by activated coagulation factors, specifically thrombin

A

Secondary hemostasis

70
Q

stabilizes the primary platelet plug, particularly in larger blood vessels where the platelet plug is insufficient alone to stop hemorrhage.

A

Fibrin

71
Q

Synonym of Secondary hemostasis

A

coagulation

72
Q

can be cofactors for enzymatic coagulation factors or can just be a substrate (Factor I or fibrinogen).

A

Non-enzymatic coagulation factors

73
Q

Other term for proteolytic enzymes

A

zymogens

74
Q

has two initial pathways which lead to fibrin formation.

A

coagulation cascade of secondary hemostasis

75
Q

known as the intrinsic pathway

A

contact activation pathway

76
Q

known as the extrinsic pathway

A

tissue factor pathway

77
Q

Refers when the two pathway will meet

A

Common Pathway

78
Q

4 PHASES of Secondary hemostasis

A
  1. Contact Phase
  2. Activation of Factor X
  3. Conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin
  4. Formation of Fibrin Clot
79
Q

Other term for clotting factor : Fibrinogen

A

Factor I

80
Q

Other term for clotting factor : Prothrombin

A

Clotting factor II

81
Q

Other term for clotting factor : Tissue Factor

A

Clotting factor III

82
Q

Other term for clotting factor : calcium

A

Clotting factor IV

83
Q

Other term for clotting factor : proaccelerin or Labile Factor

A

Clotting factor V

84
Q

Other term for clotting factor : Proconvertin/ Stable Factor

A

Clotting factor VII

85
Q

Other term for clotting factor : Antihemophilic Factor A

A

Clotting factor VIII

86
Q

Other term for clotting factor : Antihemophilic Factor B, Christmas Factor, Plasma Thromboplastin Component

A

Clotting factor IX

87
Q

Other term for clotting factor : Stuart Factor, Stuart-Prower Factor

A

Clotting factor X

88
Q

Other term for clotting factor : Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent

A

Clotting factor XI

89
Q

Other term for clotting factor : Hageman Factor, Contact Factor

A

Clotting factor XII

90
Q

Other term for clotting factor : Fibrin Stabilizing Factor

A

Clotting factor XIII

91
Q

Also known as Fletcher Factor

A

Prekallikrein

92
Q

Also known as Fitzgerald Factor

A

High Molecular Weight Kininogen

93
Q

enumerate the Cofactors

A
  1. III
  2. V/Va
  3. VIII/ VIIIa
  4. HMWK
94
Q

Enumerate Vitamin K Dependent

A
  1. II
  2. VII
  3. IX
  4. X
95
Q

Tests for Secondary Hemostasis

A
  1. Prothrombin Time
  2. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
96
Q

Enumerate the Inhibitors to Coagulation

A
  1. protein C
  2. Protein S
  3. Antithrombin III
  4. Heparin Cofactor II
  5. a2 Macroglobulin
  6. Extrinsic Pathway inhibitor (EPI)
  7. C1 inhibitor
  8. a1 antitrypsin
97
Q

Inhibitor that targets tissue factor

A

tissue factor pathway inhibitor

98
Q

Inhibitor that targets Factor II and Factor X

A

Antithrombin

99
Q

Inhibitor that targets Factor V and VIII

A

Protein C and S

100
Q

Inhibitor that targets fibrin

A

Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor

HEMA 2 (2 decks)

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