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Microbiology > Lect 7 > Flashcards

Lect 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Giardia lamblia is found in what animals

A

beavers, dogs, cats, primates

  • zoonosis, cross infectivity between animals and humans
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2
Q

Giardiasis is most common in what patient population

A

children

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3
Q

Giardiasis is caused by what organism (name both names)

A
  • Giardia lamblia / G. intestinalis
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4
Q

is Giardiasis motile

A

Flagellate protozoan: very motile

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5
Q

Giardiasis has what two life stages

A
  1. Trophozoite
    1. exists freely in small intestine
    2. teardrop shape, flagella, 2 nuclei
    3. feeds on mucus secretions, does not invade tissue
  2. Cyst
    1. form passed into environment
    2. 4 nuclei
      1. 1 cyst produces 2 trophozoites
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6
Q

what is this organism

A

Giardiasis

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7
Q

give the life cycle of Giardiasis

A
  1. ingestion of cyst (infectious stage)
  2. Excystation occurs in stomach
  3. Trophozoites pass into small bowel and divide
  4. trophozoites in large bowel encyst
  5. cysts pass into environment
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8
Q

how is Giardiasis passed

A

drinking water contaminated with feces

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9
Q

when is Giardiasis infection most prevalent

A

June-October

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10
Q

clinical presentation of Giardiasis that seperates it from other parasites

A
  • watery diarrhea (No blood), abdominal cramps
  • vitamin B 12 deficiency
  • can be a STI
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11
Q

how is Giardiasis diagnosed

A
  • cysts and/or trophozoites in stool sample
  • ELISA dectection of (Giardia specific enzymes 65) GSA 65
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12
Q

protective features against Giardiasis

A
  • human milk - IgA
  • phagocytes can kill trophozoites
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13
Q

Amoebiasis is caused by what organism

A

Emtamoeba histolytica

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14
Q

Describe the two forms of Emtamoeba histolytica

A
  1. Trophozoite
    • amoeboid with 1 nucleus
    • non-flagellated
    • pseudopod forming (how it walks)
    • invasive and pathogenic
  2. Cyst
    • round in shape
    • 4 nuclei
    • infectious stage
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15
Q

what is this organism

A

Emtamoeba histolytica

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16
Q

describe the life cycle of Emtamoeba histolytica

A
  1. ingestion of cysts
  2. excystation in colon
  3. trophozoites colonize in mucosa of colon
  4. can encyst and pass in feces OR invade intestinal mucosa
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17
Q

how is E. histolytica contracted

A

fecal contamination of water and food

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18
Q

Name some high risk populations to getting E. histolytica

A
  • children
  • pregnant woman
  • long term corticosteroid
  • oral-anal sexual practices
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19
Q

clinical presentation

  • abd cramps
  • bloody stools
  • fever
  • vomiting
  • unintentional weight loss
  • Rt upper quadrant pain
A

E. histolytica

20
Q

Amoeba hydrolyzes the intestinal lining which results in what condition

A
  • ulcers
  • presents as right upper quadrant pain
  • death can occur from peritonitis, cardiac failure, exhaustion
21
Q

List the virulence factors of E. histolytica

A
  1. Lectin: adhesion to host cell
  2. Phospholipases: disrupt host cell membrane
  3. Amebapore: inserts ion channels into host lipid structure -> lysis of host cell
  4. Cysteine proteases: degrades mucus, antibody, complement and cellular matrix
22
Q

how is E. histolytica diagnosed

A
  • trophozoites or cysts in stool sample
  • CT and MRI to reveal large cysts (abscesses)
  • ELISA to indentify E. histolytica
  • PCR
23
Q

what other condition can E. histolytica create all over the body that is diagnosed with CT/MRI

A

abscess

24
Q

Why are E. histolytica infections emerging in backyard pools

A

cysts are resistant to chlorine

25
Q

Cryptosproridiosis is caused by at least 15 different species, but name the most important two

A
  • Cryptosporidium hominis
  • Cryptosporidium parvum
26
Q

Reservoir for Cryptosporidium hominis

A

humans

27
Q

reservoir for Cryptosporidium parvum

A

bovine and human

28
Q

name the two forms of Cryptosporidium

A
  • Oocysts
    • contain 4 sporozoites
    • infectious stage
    • do not multiply outside of host
  • sporozoites
    • motile
    • bind receptors on surface of intestinal epithelial cells
29
Q

how does Cryptosporidium reproduce

A

sexual and asexual reproduction

30
Q

describe the life cycle of Cryptosporidium

A
  1. ingestion of oocysts
  2. activates and releases 4 sporozoites
  3. sporozoites bind to receptors on intestinal epithelial cells
  4. ingested into parasitophorous vacule (replaces cell membrane with itself)
  5. sexual/asexual reproduction
    1. asexual -> thin walled oocyte -> reinfect host
    2. sexual -> thick walled oocyte -> shed into environement
31
Q

transmission of Cryptosporidium

A
  • endemic: person to person
  • sporatic: contaminated water and food
    • animal (cows) to human
32
Q

why is Cryptosporidium found in recreational water

A

resistant to chlorine

33
Q

why are Cryptosporidium infections hard to treat

A
  • Extracytoplasmic, but intracellular
34
Q

Cryptosporidium mainly affects what patient population

A

children

35
Q

clinical presentation

  • watery diarrhea
  • dehydration, weight loss, fever, abd pain
  • lasts for 2 weeks (self limited in immunocompetent person)
A

Cryptosporidium

36
Q

how id Cryptosporidium identified

A
  • isolate oocysts in stool sample
  • Immunofluroescence
  • ELISA
37
Q

Cyclosporiasis is caused by what organism

A

Cyclospora Cayetanensis

38
Q

How is the oocyst of cyclospora cayetanensis different than other organisms

A
  • autofluorescene oocyst
  • larger than oocyst of cryptosporidium
39
Q

cyclospora cayetanensis is associated with ingestion of oocysts in what

A
  • water
  • imported foods (fresh fruits and vegetables)
40
Q

how is the life cycle of cyclospora cayetanensis different from other organisms

A
  1. ingestion of oocysts
  2. oocysts shed in feces MUST SPORULATE in the environment
    • requires days
41
Q

clinical presentation

  • low grade fever
  • chills
  • abd crampls
  • N/V
  • explosive, non-bloody-watery diarrrhea
  • rapid weight loss
A

cyclospora cayetanensis

42
Q

how is cyclospora cayetanensis identified

A
  • Large oocyst in stool sample
  • acid fast positive, autofluorescent oocyte
  • PCR
43
Q

What organism has a large central vacuole and multiple nuclei distributed around rim of cytoplasm

A

Blastocystis hominis

44
Q

how does someone get Blastocystis hominis

A

ingestion of cysts from contaminated food or water (animal feces)

45
Q

Which organism has a large intestine microbe that has a MACROnucleus and cilia

A

Balantidium coli

46
Q

reservoir for Balantidium coli

A

Zoonotic (pigs)

47
Q

what can happen from Balantidium coli infection

A

gut perforation

Microbiology (8 decks)

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