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Microbiology > Helminthic, Lect 8 > Flashcards

Helminthic, Lect 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the shape of nematodes. Is there only one sex?

A
  • Nematode = roundworm
  • elongated cylindrical body that tapes at either end
  • male and female
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2
Q

what is generalized life cycle of nematodes

A
  • eggs become larvae in environment
  • larvae become adult roundworms in humans
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3
Q

What is the common name of Enterobius vermicularis

A

pinworm

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4
Q

describe the Enterobius vermicularis worm

A
  • small 8-12 mm
  • whitish
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5
Q

how is Enterobius vermicularis transmitted

A
  • person to person
  • Or indirectly from environment
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6
Q

reservoir for Enterobius vermicularis

A

humans

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7
Q

what is the most common helminthic disease in US

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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8
Q

describe the life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis

A
  1. Eggs on perianal
  2. eggs and larvae hatch in Small intestine
  3. Adults mature in colon
  4. Gravid female migrates to perianal to deposit eggs
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9
Q

clinical presentation

  • itching in anal region (Pruritis ani)
  • heavy infections can lead to secondary bacterial infections, disturbed sleep, abd pain
A

E. vermicularis

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10
Q

how is E. vermicularis diagnosed

A
  • presence of eggs on perianal skin
    • cellophane tap method
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11
Q

what is the most effective means to minimize the spread of E. vermicularis

A

handwashing

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12
Q

what is the transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

contaminated soil ingestion

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13
Q

how is Trichuris trichiura transmitted

A

contaminated soil ingestion

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14
Q

what is the common name of Trichuris trichiura

A

whipworm

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15
Q

Trichuris trichiura causes what disease

A

Trichuriasis

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16
Q

what is the common name of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

large intestinal roundworm

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17
Q

what disease does Ascaris lumbricoides cause

A

Ascariasis

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18
Q

describe the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides

A
  1. Eggs ingested and larvae released to duodenum
  2. Larvae penetrate mucosa and travel blood -> lungs, alveoli, trachea, then oropharynx.
  3. Once swallowed they mature in duodenum.
  4. Adult worms make eggs that are infective in soil
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19
Q

clinical presentation

  • often asymptomatic
  • worm burden determines extent of disease
    • due to blockage
    • pulmonary-Loeffler’s syndrome
    • abd pain
A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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20
Q

how is Ascaris lumbricoides diagnosed

A

eggs in stool

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21
Q

what makes the eggs of Trichuris trichiura different from other worm eggs

A

egg capsules (two ends taper off)

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22
Q

what is the life cycle of Trichuris trichiura

A
  • Infective eggs ingested
  • larvae are released in duodenum
  • maturation in colon
  • released eggs can mature in soil
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23
Q

clinical presentation

  • can be asymptomatic
  • heavy infections
    • frequent painful passage of stool (with associated mucus and blood)
    • rectal prolapse can occur
A

Trichuris trichiura

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24
Q

how is Trichuris trichiura diagnosed

A

eggs in stool

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25
Q

Name the two clinically relevant species of hookworms

A
  • Necator americanus
  • Ancylostoma duodenale
26
Q

what seperates hookworms from other worms in regards to thier feeding habits

A

hookworms feed on blood from intestinal mucosa

27
Q

how do people get hookworm infections

A
  • eggs from feces hatch in soil
  • larvae can penetrate skin
28
Q

describe the life cycle of hookworms

A
  • eggs hatch in soil
  • larvae penetrate skin go to blood to lungs, alveoli, trachea, and oropharynx
  • swallowed and mature in duodenum
  • adults worms produce eggs which mature and hatch in soil
29
Q

clinical presentation

  • blood-filled, pruritic lesions can occur at the site of larval penetration (“ground itch”
  • continual blood loss occurs due to feeding by adult worms
    • may observe anemia
A

hookworm

30
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis causes what disease

A

strongyloidiasis

31
Q

describe what the Strongyloides stercoralis worm looks like

A
  • small, termed “threadworms”
32
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis have what two multiplication cycles

A
  • in host (parasitic)
  • in soil (free living)
33
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis is commonly found in what areas

A
  • tropical and subtropical area
  • related to poor sanitation
34
Q

describe the life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis

A
  • Infective larvae in soil penetrate the skin to blood, lungs, alveoli, oropharynx
  • swallowed, get in duodenum and mature
  • following reproduction, release larvae in feces
35
Q

clinical presentation

  • intestinal-diarrea, pain, constipation, malabsorption
  • chronic infection lasting for years
  • life threatening in patients with a defect in cell mediated immunity
A

Strongyloides stercoralis

36
Q

how is Strongyloides stercoralis diagnosed

A
  • larvae in stool sample or duodenal aspirate
37
Q

what is the common name for trematode

A

flukes

38
Q

describe the trematode worm

A
  • flattened, leaflike body
  • presence of suckers
  • hermaphroditic
39
Q

What is the common name of Clonorchis sinensis

A

Chinese liver fluke

40
Q

Clonorchis sinensis causes what disease

A

Clonorchoriasis

41
Q

Clonorchis sinensis adults live where in the body

A

biliary ducts

42
Q

where, globally, are Clonorchis sinensis common

A

Far East

43
Q

how is Clonorchis sinensis transmitted

A

via ingestion of larvae in raw, smoked, pickled, salt-cured, and dried fish

44
Q

describe the life cycle of Clonorchis sinensis

A
  1. Fish w/ larvae are eaten
  2. excystation in duodenum and larvae pass to bile ducts for maturation
  3. eggs released in feces that is eaten by aquatic snails which release larvae that get on fish
45
Q

What are the two intermediate hosts and 1 definitive host of trematodes

A
  • 2 intermediate: fish and snails
  • 1 definitive: humans
46
Q

Name the two types of tapeworms and what each’s reservoir is

A
  • Taenia solium - pork
  • Taenia saginata - beef
47
Q

describe what tapeworms (T. solium, T. saginata) look life

A
  • Large (3-9 meters)
  • posses a scolex (head structure)
48
Q

What are the only definitive hosts of tapeworms (T. solium, saginata)

A

humans

49
Q

where are eggs kept in tapeworms (T. solium (pork); T. saginata (beef)

A

Proglottids

50
Q

describe Taenia life cycle

A
  • Eggs ingested by cattle or pigs
  • hatch in duodenum and larvae penetrate wall
  • cysticerci larvae develop in muscle which is ingested by humans and develops into an adult in jejunum
  • Proglottids released in feces contain eggs
51
Q

which Taenia, when ingested by humans can cause cysticercosis

A

T. solium

52
Q

clinical presentation

  • asymptomatic, involves only one worm
  • mild GI symptoms
  • can become serious if infected site is eye (blindness) or brain (seizures)
A

T. solium

53
Q

how is T. solium diagnosed

A
  • eggs or proglottids in stool sample
  • CT scans -> cysticercosis
54
Q

what is the common name of Diphyllobothrium latum

A

fish tapeworm

55
Q

describe the Diphyllo. latum worm

A
  • very LONG (12 meters) and contain thousands of proglottids
56
Q

how are eggs released in Diphyllo. latum

A
  • eggs are released singly, not in proglottids
57
Q

What is the reservoir of Diphyllo. latum

A
  • fish
    • humans and other fish eating mammals harbor the adult worms
58
Q

what is the life cycle of Diphyllo. latum

A
  • Larvae in muscle of fish which is eaten
  • adult develops in jejunum and eggs -> feces
  • eggs hatch in fresh water and larva are ingested by crustaceans
  • crustaceans are ingested by fish
59
Q

clinical characteristics

  • asymptomatic
  • adult worm competes with human for vitamin B12
  • anemia
A

D. latum

60
Q

how is D. latum diagnosed

A
  • anemia
  • presence of eggs in stool
  • ID of adult worm

Microbiology (8 decks)

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