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Anatomy 2 > Lect 3 Urinary System > Flashcards

Lect 3 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the urinary system

A 
Kidneys 
Ureters
bladder
urethra
Function: conserve body fluid and electrolytes and remove waste
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2
Q

Kidneys

A

produce urine as a filtrate of blood

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3
Q

ureters

A

Paired

connects the kidney to the bladder

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4
Q

bladder`

A

storage area for urine

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5
Q

urethra

A

single

leads from the bladder and delivers urine to outside of the body

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6
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

contains a glomerulus (capillary bed) surrounded by bowman’s capsule

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7
Q

nephron

A

structural and functional unit of the kidney and includes:
Renal corpuscle
series of tubular sections
collecting tubules and ducts

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8
Q

ultrafiltrate

A

filtered substance before modification

fluid that passes through the filtration barrier to the urinary space

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9
Q

filtrate

A

filtered substance during modification

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10
Q

urine

A

filtered substance after modification

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11
Q

hilum

A

concave medial border where the nerves, vessels enter and exit

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12
Q

ureter

A

expands at the hilum forming the renal pelvis

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13
Q

kidney division

A

cortex and medulla

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14
Q

Renal medulla

A

contains 6-18 medullary pyramids

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15
Q

medullary pyramid

A

apex/tip of the pyramid is renal papilla

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16
Q

Renal papilla

A

points toward hilum

perforated dby openings of collecting ducts which empty into minor calyces

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17
Q

major calyx

A

several minor calyces joining together

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18
Q

renal pelvis

A

coming together of major calyces (expanded end of the ureter)

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19
Q

Order of anatomy (out to in)

A

renal papilla->collecting ducts->minor calyces->major calyx->renal pelvis

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20
Q

Corticol columns

A

portion of the cortex that separates neighboring pyramids

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21
Q

Cortical arch

A

cortex of each pyramid

22
Q

Renal lobe

A

each medullary pyramid, its arch and cortical sides

23
Q

medullary rays (cortical structure)

A

contain the collecting ducts - extending from the surface of the cortex toward the medulla

24
Q

Cortex

A

Renal corpuscles

  • proximal convoluted tubules
  • distal tubules
  • collecuting ducts
  • peritubular capillary plexus
25
Q

medulla

A

=medullary pyramid

  • thick descending limb (of Henle’s loop)
  • thin limb
  • thick ascending limb
  • descending collecting ducts
  • vasa recta
26
Q

Blood circulation in kidney

A

Enters renal artery-> branches to segmental arteries-> give rise to interlobar arteries (run between pyramids)-> go to arcuate arteries (along arch)->lead to interlobUlar arteries (run to surface of cortex)

27
Q

Blood path continued (after interlobular)

A

-> afferent arterioles (passes blood to capillaries of glomerulus)-> empties to efferent arteriole -> goes to either: peritubular capillary plexus (PTCP) or Vasa recta

28
Q

peritubular capillary plexus

A

a capillary bed that supplies the cortex

29
Q

vasa recta

A

capillary bed that follows Henle’s loop in the medulla

30
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

Efferent arterioles -> either: PTCP which goes to interlobular veins; or vasa recta -> meet at arcuate veins -> interlobar veins -> branches of renal veins (segmental veins) -> renal vein

31
Q

Nephron components

A

bw 2-3 million in each kidney
includes: renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted and straight tubule , prox straight tubule becomes the thick descending limb in the medulla, thin descending + ascending limbs=loop of henle, distal straight tubule, distal convoluted tubule -> leads to collecting tubule to collecting duct

32
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

= glomerulus (tufts of caps) + Bowman’s capsule
found only in cortex
includes: urinary space+pole, blood vessels enter and exit at vascular pole

33
Q

Bowmans capsule

A

visceral layer: epithelial cells are podocytes

parietal layer: epithelial cells are squamous, space between is the urinary space

34
Q

urinary space

A

space between visceral and parietal layer

drained at urinary pole

35
Q

glomerulus

A

tufts of capillaries
arises from afferent arteriole
endothelium of glomerular capillaries has numerous fenestrations

36
Q

efferent arteriole

A

increased resistance to blood flow - filtrate leaks into space through filtration barrier

37
Q

Podocytes

A
  • visceral layer of bowmans capsule- important for filtration
  • have a primary process and secondary process (pedicel) and conver most of the capillary by interdigitating with adjacent podocytes
38
Q

Filtration apparatus

A

podocytes
Elongated spaces bw interdigitating processes are filtration slits
-covered by a thin membrane call slit diaphragm

39
Q

filtration barrier

A

filters blood, consists of : pores of the fenestrated capillaries/endothelium, thick basement membrane, filtration slit diaphragm/membrane formed by podocytes

40
Q

Bowman’s space

A

continuous with the lumen of the first renal tubule

41
Q

Proximal tubule

A

2 regions: convoluted portion (PCT) & Straight portion (pars recta)
Structure: simple cuboidal epi w/ microvillus brush border
Function: absorbs organic nutrients, ions, h2o and plasma proteins and release them into interstitial fluid/tissue
Location: PCT only in the cortex, straight portion enters medulla as a thick descending limb

42
Q

Straight tubule

A

enters medulla as thick descending limb
cuboidal epithelium becomes simple squamous epi deeper in the medulla
squamous region is thin limb=loop of henle
becomes thicker as it ascends back up
becomes distal tubule when it enters the cortex

43
Q

Distal tubule

A

starts in cortex
quickly becomes tortuous and called distal convoluted tubule
cells are cuboidal again (no brush border)
makes contact with and forms a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) - feedback structure that keeps the filtration rate consistent

44
Q

Juctaglomerular apparatus

A

JGA
Function: monitors filtrate, has an endocrine role
Components include:
1. macula densa - cells of distal tubule, tall narrow pale cell with closely packed nuclei-appear as a dense spot in LM
2. Juxtaglomerular cells- modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of afferent & efferent arterioles - granules contain renin
3. Mesangial cells - bw afferent arterial, efferent arteriole

45
Q

Collecting tubules and ducts

A

distal convoluted tubule becomes collecting tubule -> empty into collecting ducts
Coll ducts modify filtrate and transports it to minor calyces
simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium

46
Q

Collecting ducts cell types

A 
light cells (principle cells) - involved in water permeability
Dark cells or intercalated cells: actively transport and secrete hydrogen ions and/or bicarbonate thus modulating the acid-base balance
47
Q

Papillary ducts

A

Ducts of bellini
formed by several medullary collecting ducts sthat converge in the renal papilla - are very large and convey the filtrate to minor calyx
- urine travels from minor calyx to the major calyx to the renal pelvis to the ureter
- the calyxes, renal pelvis and ureter are lined with transitional epithelium

48
Q

Ureter

A
  • Delivers urine from kidneys to bladder
  • Mucosa - transitional epithelial lining, lamina propria (CT layer)
  • Muscularis - smooth muscle if organized into 3 layers
  • muscle contraction conveys urine towards bladder, valve at base of bladder prevents backflow
49
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Storage site for urine
Mucosa is in folds after voiding (contracted bladder) - with distension the cells of the transitional epithelium become flat due to stretch (stretched bladder)
Muscularis- 3 layers
Adventitia + serosa - CT w/ elastic fibers

50
Q

Urethra

A

carries urine from the bladder to external environment
male is longer, consists of three segments, most lined with transitional epithelium
- portion of the male urethra runs through the prostate gland (carries sperm and urine)
Female urethra is strictly a urinary organ (no other function) lined with transitional epithelium

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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