Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 2 > Lect 1 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lect 1 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical divisions of Respiratory system

A

Upper respiratory airways/tract
lower respiratory airways/tract
hilum and root of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 functional portions of resp system

A

Conducting portion

Respiratory portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Conducting portion

A

Structure: varying levels of wall thickness
Location: portions outside and inside the lung
Function: Conduct and condition (filter , heat, humidify)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Outside lung

A

Nasal cavity to extrapulmonary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Inside lung

A

bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Respiratory portion

A

structure: thin walled for efficient gas exchange
location: ONLY in the lungs
Function: gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Terminal bronchiole

A

marks end of conducting zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Location where gas exchange can begin

A

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts and sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

blood supply

A

has both pulmonary and bronchial circulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bronchial circulation

A

nutrient arteries
Branches of aorta
-provide nourishment to the CT, walls of the bronchi and bronchioles and pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functional vessels of respiratory system

A

pulmonary veins and arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart
branches travel with the branches of the bronchi and bronchioles down to the capillary level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pulmonary veins

A

blood that is oxygenated at the capillary level is carried in the venules that form veins
four veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium
DO NOT run with the pulmonary artery
-location: in CT segments in of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cartilage in respiratory system

A

Hyaline
C-shaped rings in trachea
Plates in bronchi become progressively smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Smooth muscle

A

regulates the diameter of airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CT investments

A

Collagen
Elastic fibers
-Form network that all expansion (limited) and recoil of the lung
-extracellular proteins secreted by fibroblasts that play a major role in lung physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Emphysema

A

Characterized by irreversible enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole and destruction of the walls w/o fibrosis
COPD
Enzymatic degredation of elastin
Most common cause is cigarette smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pleura

A

serous membrane
Based on location
Parietal vs viseral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

parietal pleura

A

associated with walls of the body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

visceral pleura

A

adheres to and covers the surface of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Turbinates/ conchae
-Structure: bony shelf like projections lined with pseudostratified epithelium
well vascularized
Function: increase surface area; create turbulent airflow
Location: lateral walls of the nasal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Trachea

A

wall of trachea consists of 3 layers: mucosa, submucosa, adventitia/cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Traceal epithelium

A 
pseudostratified 
5 types of cells
1. Ciliated cells
2. Mucous cells
3. Brush cells 
4. Small granule cells
5. Basal cell
24
Q

Ciliated Cells

A

Maintain level of perciliary fluid (layer of water and electrolytes)
-each cell has 250 cilia that provide coordinated sweeping motion
-forms ‘mucociliary escalator’
clears mucous coat

25
Q

Mucous cells

A

mucinogen granules in cytoplasm
the mucus floats on a serous fluid (perciliary fluid)
cilia moves both serous and mucus toward the oral cavit

26
Q

Brush cells

A

columnar cells with blunt microvilli

  • basal surface in synaptic contact with afferent nerve ending
  • receptor cell
27
Q

small granule cells

A

(enteroendocrine cells)
contain secretory granules
may function in reflexes

28
Q

basal cell

A

stem cell for individual cell replacement in epithelium

29
Q

Metaplasia in respiratory system

A

Pseudostratified epithelium changes to stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

  • removal of mucous impaired
  • excessive mucus secretions in the lumen on resp. tree
  • marked increase in the size of the mucus secreting glands of the submucosa in the trachea and large bronchi
  • must cough to clear secretions
30
Q

Pathogenesis of metaplasia

A

inhaled irritants such as smoking

reversible-if irritant eliminated

31
Q

Bronchi

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
submucosa
adventitia/cartilage

32
Q

bronchi mucosa

A

same epithelium cells as trachea

33
Q

bronchi muscularis

A

regulates diameter of airway

34
Q

bronchi submucosa

A

glands present

35
Q

bronchi adventitia/cartilage

A

plates smaller with decreasing diameter

36
Q

Intrapulmonary bronchus

A

Changes at level of bronchi

  1. plates of cartilage instead of rings
  2. layer of smooth muscle, found below mucosa layer
  3. increasea in elastic fibers
37
Q

Bronchioles

A

1 mm or less airways
Embedded in CT of lung
-diameter changes with lung volume
subdivided: terminal (conducting) vs respiratory bronchioles (gas exchange)
Pseudostratified to simple columnar to simple cuboidal epithelium
Gradual changes

38
Q

Recognizable differences at level of bronchioles

A

Lack cartilage
lack submucosal glands
thick layer of smooth muscle is present
simple cuboidal epithelium: ciliated cells decrease in number and club cells increase in respiratory zone

39
Q

Club cells

A

aka Clara cells
Simple columnar, nonciliated, dome-shaped apical aspect projects into lumen
Function: detoxify harmful compounds in the air
-Secrete a lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion
-mitotically active stem cell
location: bronchioles

40
Q

Terminal bronchiole

A

smallest, distal part of conducting portion

epithelium has club cells, and some ciliated cuboidal cells

41
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

first gas exchange
wall is interrupted with alveoli
club cells and some cilia cells (club dominate)

42
Q

Alveoli

A

sites of gas exchange

Lined Type I & Type II pneumocytes (most important epi cells of the alveolus), occasional brush cells

43
Q

alveolar ducts

A

smooth muscle disappears at end of duct

elastic and collagen fibers are only support for alveoli

44
Q

alveolar sacs

A

spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

45
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

Structure: squamous, attenuated cells, many of the organells are clustered around nucleus leaving cytoplasm free for gas exchange
Function: provide a barrier of minimal thickness that is optimal for gas exchange
Location: occupies 95% of surface area of alveolus

46
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

aka septal cells

structure: rounded cells, apical cytoplasm contains lamellar bodies
location: typically found in ‘corners’ and occupy 5% of the surface area

47
Q

Function of type II pneumocytes

A
  1. undergo mitosis to regenerate themselves and type I pneumocytes
  2. Continuously produce surfactant to prevent collapse of alveoli
48
Q

Interalveolar septum

A

Two portions:

thick vs thin

49
Q

Thin interalveolar septum

A

site of air-blood barrier
houses capillaries that function in gas exchange
no CT

50
Q

Thick interstitium

A

composed of: collagen, elastic fibers, capillaries, lymphatic vessels, fibroblasts, mast cells, alveolar macrophages

51
Q

Blood-air barrier (respiratory membrane)

A

4 components

  • layer of surfactant
  • alveolar epithelium (type I pneumocyte cytoplasm
  • fused basement membranes of alveolar cell and the endothelial cell
  • endothelial cell
52
Q

Type I & II pneumocytes

A

both have desmosomes and occluding junctions

53
Q

Alveolar pores

A

aka pores of Kohn
functions: equalizing pressure in the alveoli
enable collateral ventilation
allow macrophage migration

54
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

nose/trachea
mucociliary escalator
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

55
Q

Mucociliary escalator (transport)

A

Traps and removes debris, bacteria and particales - moves particles and toxic substances from distal to proximal
components:
1. cilia
2. serous fluid (periciliary fluid produced by ciliated cells)
3. mucous layer (produced by mucous cells and submucosal glands)
4. alveolar macrophages

56
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

dust cells
Function in CT and airspaces of alveoli
-some pass up the bronchiole tree in mucus to reach pharynx
-some migrate to CT where they may stay with particles for the life of the individual
-particles in the interstitium increase the likelihood of damage

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions