Lect 13 - Nutritional Aspects of Pregnancy and Infant Nutrition

Question 1

What is the recommended increase in calories for pregnancy and the post-natal period?

Answer 1

Up to +500 kcal/day for pregnancy and 6 months postnatally

Question 2

With respect to macronutrients, what should you increase/decrease?

Answer 2

Increase protein +72g/day, increase fat (DHA good), DON’T INCREASE CARBS

Question 3

What are the six micronutrients that are recommended to be supplemented in pregnancy?

Answer 3

1) folate
2) iron
3) vitamin A
4) vitamin D
5) zinc
6) iodine

Question 4

What are the benefits of supplementing folate, iodine, and zinc?

Answer 4

Combat against teratogenesis

Question 5

When does the need for iron increase dramatically in pregnancy? Why?

Answer 5

In third trimester due to increase in maternal blood volume increase and fetal RBC synthesis

Question 6

Maternal anemia has two consequences, what are they?

Answer 6

1) increased perinatal mortality

2) premature delivery

Question 7

There is no required/recommeded increase in calcium intake if what is true?

Answer 7

Serum calcium is normal

Question 8

Maternal consumption of vitamin D prevents what?

Answer 8

1) maternal pre-eclampsia

2) gestational diabetes

Question 9

Cretinism can be prevented by doing what?

Answer 9

Consuming more iodine

Question 10

Why is drinking alcohol in pregnancy bad?

Answer 10

Alcohol crosses placental barrier; is metabolized differently in fetus

Question 11

How is alcohol metabolized by the fetus?

Answer 11

enzymatically linked to fatty acids

Question 12

What is a measure or early marker for fetal alcohol damage?

Answer 12

Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEEs)

Question 13

What are three consequences of fetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 13

1) low birth weight
2) low intelligence
3) facial abnormalities

Question 14

What are two infections for the mother that are particularly concerning in pregnancy?

Answer 14

1) toxoplasmosis

2) listeriosis

Question 15

What are three risk factors for fetal macrosomia?

Answer 15

1) gestational diabetes
2) maternal hyperglycemia
3) maternal obesity/overweight

Question 16

What are three specific macronutrients which neonates/infants need?

Answer 16

1) milk sugars (lactose and galactose)
2) fatty acids (DHA, ALA)
3) milk proteins (whey, casein)

Question 17

What separates human milk from other mammals’ milk?

Answer 17

It has a high content of lactose

Question 18

How is congenital lactase deficiency diagnosed?

Answer 18

hydrogen content in breath

Question 19

What are the two metabolites that build up in the liver in galactosemia?

Answer 19

galactose 1-P and galactitol

Question 20

What are three dire consequences of galactosemia?

Answer 20

1) liver damage
2) brain damage
3) cataracts

Question 21

What are four fatty acids that are found in human milk?

Answer 21

1) DHA
2) ALA
3) linoleic acid
4) arachidonic acid

Question 22

The brain ______ in size in the first year of life.

Answer 22

triples

Question 23

What sites in the body utilize DHA?

Answer 23

brain and retinal membranes

Question 24

Casein is a milk protein that is rich in a specific amino acid. What is that amino acid? And what is it good for in the body?

Answer 24

Proline. Collagen synthesis

Question 25

What is whey a good source for? What amino acid is high in whey?

Answer 25

1) branched chain amino acids

2) leucine

Question 26

Whey contains other key proteins. What are they?

Answer 26

1) alpha-lactalbumin
2) lactoferrin
3) lysozyme
4) immunoglobulins (IgA)
5) maternal serum albumin

Question 27

What are the ten essential amino acids?

Answer 27

1) phenylalanine
2) valine
3) tryptophan
4) threonine
5) isoleucine
6) methionine
7) histidine
8) arginine (conditionally essential)
9) lysine
10) leucine