Lect. 1 Reactions

Question 1

How can mass action and the input of energy change/modify reactions?

Answer 1

By changing the content of the products or reactants we can drive them reaction in the opposite direction by increasing the other sides amount
Input of energy: couple a non favorable reaction deltaG>0 with a favorable rxt like ATP hydrolysis

Question 2

How do kidney’s balance pH?

Answer 2

pH is high fewer H+ removed and not as much reabsorption of HCO3-
pH is low reverse driving H2CO3 reaction

Question 3

Where is Cu a coenzyme what what enzymes?

Know 1 min.

Answer 3

Cytochrome C oxidase
Ferroixdiase’
Superoxide dismutase
Lysyl oxidase
Tyrosnease
Theme oxidase

Question 4

With what enzymes is Fe used as co factor?

Answer 4

Heme proteins
Cytochromes
Catalase/peroxidases

Question 5

Where is Mg used as a cofactor?

Answer 5

ATPases (All)
Adenyline cyclase
Kinases

Question 6

Se cofactor for what enzymes?

Answer 6

Glutathione peroxidase

Question 7

Zn cofactor? What other cofactor is used for the same enzyme?

Answer 7

Super oxidize dismutase (also for Cu)
 Collagenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Alkaline phosphotase
Trans factors
Carbonic Anhydrase

Question 8

How do gastric proton pump inhibitors work? Found what cells? What are they prescribed for and possible side effects?

Answer 8

They block the K+, H+ ATPase which would pump H+ EC/K+ intra.
Parietal cells in Stomach
Prescribed for Acid reflux, ulcers indigestion heart burn
Inefficiency in gastric enzymes, decreased digestion

Question 9

Competitive Enzyme inhibition

Answer 9

Bind to E at AS, increase Km and do not change Vmax
Overcome incrs. [S]
Ex’s Malonate
Allopurinol

Question 10

Noncompeting inhibition

Answer 10

No change in Km bind to E and ES will lower Vmax

Allopurinol High []’s

Question 11

Uncompetitive inhibition.

Answer 11

Lithium ex.

Lower Vmax and Km by same factor, binds to ES complex only

Question 12

What does the inhibiting of metalloenzymes due?

Answer 12

Cheating agents remove metal cofactor EDTA

Question 13

What can aid in lead poisoning?

Answer 13

Pb can inhibit the biosynthesis of heme by blocking aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and ferrochelatase
Present with abdom. Pain, headaches, irrit, impaired NS
CA-EDTA with dimercaperol aids due to Pb displacing Ca on EDTA excrete thru urine

Question 14

Where is Biotin. Used? 
B 12? 
Vit C? 
B 2?
B3?
B5?

Answer 14

Carboxylases pyruvate and acetyl CoA
B12 = Cobalamin Methylmalonyl Co A mutase
Asorbic Acid =Vit C; hydroxylases
B2 =riboflavin redox enzymes NADH dehydrogenase; pyruvate dehyrdogenate complex
B3 = Niacin NAD= NaDP+. ; B5= Panthothenic acid —>coenzyme A

Question 15

What is looked for in a Myocardial infraction and why?

Answer 15

Troponin cTn-I found only in cardiac muscle, inhibitory subunit of troponin higher levels detected after infraction
Others as lactate dehydrogenase and amino transferase can be used but they are not as specific

Question 16

What are other enzymes used for medical diagnosis? Why not use these?

Answer 16

LDH-1, CK-MB creatine kinase, AST/SGOT1 aspartate amino transferase/ serum glut are oxaoloacetate transaminase
Issues is found not to be as specific as others

Question 17

Describe Niemman Pick disease.

Answer 17

Lysozyme enzyme (shyphyngimylenase deficient) cannot breakdown sphygomylelin so caused enlarged liver, spleen, and affects CNS
Cherry red spot in eye Hallmark of disorder

Question 18

hemolytic disease of the newborn

Answer 18

Rh - mother and Rh+ baby, mother produces Anti Rh antibodies can pass into the baby and lyse RBCs passes through placental barrier, prevent by injections
Babies present with jaundice, edema, liver and spleen failure

Question 19

Issues with Cl- cause Cystic fibrosis

Answer 19

Due to misfolding of a Cl- transporter, cannot push Cl- effectively out of respiratory cells, causes INTRACELL INC., pushes Na+ and H2O to follow, making mucus deficient in H2O therefore it is very thick making person more likely to have bacterial infections and problems breathing

Question 20

Crohn’s disease

Answer 20

Chronic auto immune chronic inflammation of bowl ,ilium distal, causes inefficient in absorption of nutrients, more flatuation, bloating,
surgical removal of diseased tissue, treatment rough anti inflammatory meds, immunosuppressive and nutritional supple

Question 21

Vit A disorders

Answer 21

Malnutrition: night blindness, visual impairments, xerophthalima (dry eye), Bitlot’s spots (build up in conjunctiva of eye), failure for wounds to heal, dry skin
iostretenonin—> causes cleft palates, heart abnormalities
Polar bear livers contain. A lot of Vit A so don’t eat them!!!!

Question 22

Vit D disorders

Answer 22

Ricket’s child/adult osteomalacia aka pathological fractures
Not enough intake, too little sunlight, hypothyroidism, conditions effect absorption of lipids, poor function of liver kid.

Question 23

Vit. C disorders

Answer 23

Required for Collagen formation; and FA oxidation with caritine,
Scurvy purple spots, poor wound healing, bruising,

Question 24

Vit B disorders

Answer 24

B2 riboflavin dermatitis, mucus lining of mouth inflamed

B3 Niacin : skin sour Pellagra with diarrhea, dermatitis, dimentia

Question 25

What does G tell us?

Answer 25

About the spontaneity of the reaction

Question 26

What is the differences b/w a lyases and ligases?

Answer 26

Both add or remove atoms but Ligases ALWAYS use ATP to do so!

Question 27

Irreversible inhibition does what to Km and V max? Example given by Dr. Z?

Answer 27

Km in theory does not change b/c you are still able to bind substrate to the active site
The V max will decrease
Similar to non-competitive except it is irreversible
Must synthesize new enzyme to overcome
Aspirin as a irreversible inhibitor of prostaglandin synthase COX1/2

Question 28

What lipids are found on the inter and and outer leaflet?

Answer 28

Inner choline, sphygomylin and glycolipids outer

Inositol, serine and etholanomine inner

Question 29

Explain SGLT1 transporter. Name drug that is blocking these for Diabetes

Answer 29

Uses the gradient created by ATPase N/K to move Na down the gradient bringing along a glucose molecule would be unfavorable
Invokana

Question 30

Explain the Na-Ca2+ antiporter. Where is this transporter effected?

Answer 30

Uses gradient created by Na/K ATPase to move Na into the cell and Ca out to keep intracellular calcium level 10,000 lower than EXC
When treating cardiac arrhythmia the Na/K ATPase is blocked with meds causing there to be less of a gradient for Na slowing the activity of this transporter making intracellular Ca higher, i sarcoplasmic Ca more of reaction During excitation

Question 31

Cystinurea caused by?

Answer 31

Due to problems with transport uptake of cystine, Arline, lysine and orthidine stay trapped in kidney create stones causes Renal colic pain in lower abdomen in waves

Question 32

Hartnups disease issues associated with

Answer 32

Transporter found in kidneys and intestines. that cannot bring in non-polar AA’s and neutral ex’s alanine, tryptophan, valine, leucine tryptophan is precursor for NAD, serotonin, melanin can cause issues with tissue sensitivity hypersentsityivity, muscles tremors