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MIMM 314 > lect 1 pici > Flashcards

lect 1 pici Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 phases in immune responses to pathogens

A

-establishment of infection
usually it is innate, apc and pnm that will play a role
-induction of adaptive response
adaptive aka t and B cells, slower
-adaptive immune response
-immunological memory

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2
Q

true or false: pathogens have preferred routes of entry/sites of infection

A

true

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3
Q

what are the diverse immune mechanisms for dealing with a broad range of pathogens

A

-surveillance: using apcs
-self tolerance: minimizing responses to self
-effector: maximizing effector functions to deal with pathogens in fluids, tissues, vesicles
-memory: retaining a memory of that pathogen to respond more effectively next time

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4
Q

true or false: early immune response has no true antigen specificity

A

true

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5
Q

local infection penetration of epithelium: mechanism of protection

A

-wound healing induced antimicrobial proteins and peptides, phagocytes
-complement destroy invading microorganisms
-activation of beta and gamma cells

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6
Q

local infection of tissue: mechanism of protection

A

-complement activation
-dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes
-phagocytes action
-nk cells activated
-cytokines and chemokines produced

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7
Q

true or false: myd88 pathway plays a role in the induction of il-12 and inf gamma

A

true

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8
Q

true or false: mice lacking myd88 still survive after infection

A

false they die

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9
Q

phases of immune response: immediate: barrier functions

A

skin epithelia

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10
Q

phases of immune response: immediate: responses to extracellular pathogens

A

-phagocytes
-complement pathway

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11
Q

phases of immune response: immediate: : responses to intracellular bacteria

A

macrophages

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12
Q

phases of immune response: immediate: responses to virus infected cells

A

nk cells

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13
Q

phases of immune response: early: barrier function

A

local inflammation
local tnf a

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14
Q

phases of immune response: early: : responses to extracellular pathogens

A

-mannan binding lectin
-c reactive proteim
-t independant b cell antibody
-complement

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15
Q

phases of immune response: immediate: : responses to intracellular bacteria

A

-activated nk cells
-il-1, 6, 12 and tnf a

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16
Q

phases of immune response: immediate: : responses to virus infected cells

A

inf a and b
il-12 activated nk cells

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17
Q

phases of immune responses: late: barrier functions

A

-iga antibodies
-ige
local inflammation

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18
Q

phases of immune response: late: : responses to extracellular pathogens

A

igg, igm

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19
Q

phases of immune response: late: : responses to intracellular bacteria

A

t cell activation of macrophages my inf gamma

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20
Q

phases of immune response: late: : responses to virus infected cells

A

cytotoxic t cells inf gamma

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21
Q

lymphatic spread: mechanism of protection:

A

-pathogens trapped and phagocytosed in lymphoid tissue
-adaptive immunity initiated by migration dcs

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22
Q

adaptive immunity: mechanisms of protection:

A

-infection cleared by antobody specific
-t cell dependent macrophage activation and cytotoxic t cells

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23
Q

How does the immune system adapt to
antigen challenge?

A
  1. A vast universe of distinct antigenic specificities.
  2. Highly specific recognition of foreign antigens with potent mechanisms
    for pathogen elimination: potential for fine-tuning (speed, magnitude, affinity and efficiency).
  3. The capacity to display immunological memory (i.e. re-infection)
  4. Tolerance to self-antigens.
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24
Q

true or false: only a small number of b and t cells are specific for the pathogen

A

true

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25
Q

what is the sollution for the body to have the t cells get to where it has to be because if a t cell specific for the flu is in a ln in the leg then you will be sick af

A

you have the T cells always surveing the body

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26
Q

true or false: the central lymphoid organs like the thymus and the bone marrow are connected to the lynphatics

A

false they are not, they are isolated from the environment

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27
Q

the lymph is filtrated byL

A

the lymph node before returning to the circulation

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28
Q

true or false: the spleen has no lymph circulation

A

true

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29
Q

how can naibe t cells enter the lymph node

A

through the afferent lymphatics or from the blood

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30
Q

endothelial cells are involved in:

A

-vasomotor tone
-vascular permeability
-regulation of coagulation
-immune modulation
-lymphocyte extravasation

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31
Q

what are the 2 types of venules

A

hev and poast capilarry venules

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32
Q

true or false: hev are constitutively present in primary lymphoid tissues

A

false: it is secondary tissues

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33
Q

true or false: hev’s need to allow egress of naive cells from the circulation

A

true

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34
Q

where are post capilarry venules present

A

non-lymphoid tissues

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35
Q

true or false: hevs are specialized to allow lymphocytes and nk cells and nothing else into the lymph node

A

false they are specialized to allow lymphocytes and nothing else in the lymph node

36
Q

hev are made up of what type of cell

A

cuboidal endothelial cells

37
Q

true or false: post capilarry venules are fat and elongated

A

true
just like normal epithelial cells

38
Q

molecules expressed by endothelial cells regulate….

A

trafficking anf recirculation through lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues

39
Q

what is in follicles

A

b cells and fdcs

40
Q

what is in the t cell zone

A

t cells and dcs

41
Q

what are the leukocyte adhesion molecules

A

-selectins
-addressins
-integrins
ig super family

42
Q

integrins are made up of … and … subunits

A

a and B subunits= different combinations= different specificity

43
Q

lfa family members

A

-integrins a and b subunits

44
Q

icam (intracellular adhesion molecules) family:

A

ig super family

45
Q

multistep paradigm of leukocyte migration and the receptors involved and chemokines

A

-rolling selectins and l selectins
-activation : ccl21
-adhesion: integrins and lfa-1
-diapedesis aka gets into the ln cortex:ccl21 and cxL12

46
Q

naive t cells have homing receptors which bind … or …. on …

A

selectins or addressins in vascular endothelial cells

47
Q

true or false: naive t cells express high levels of l selecting adhesion molecule

A

true which allows it to bind to adhesins on the surface of hevs

48
Q

a common core with different extracellular c type lectin domains that bind….

A

carbohydrates in a Ca2+ dependent manner
s like molecules: addressins

49
Q

each selectin binds….

A

binds to specific carbohydrates and is able yo transduce signals into cell

50
Q

once the T cell sees its antigen it’ll lose the expression of:

A

l selectin

51
Q

what is cd62 l

A

it is an l selectin

52
Q

what is cd 34 and glycam 1

A

an addressins

53
Q

what is madcam1

A

it binds to l selectins on the endothelium in the mucosa

54
Q

loss of l selectin and aquirement of another adhesion molecule allows cell to…..

A

be guided away from the lymoh node to site of infection n

55
Q

integrins favor …..

A

cell adhesion to stabilize cell interactions

56
Q

lfa-1 activation influences…

A

behaviors of incoming t cells

57
Q

cellular activation of lfa-1 integrin fuction steps

A

-t cell initially bind apc through low affinity lfa1-icam1 interactions
-subsequent binding of t cell receptors signals lfa1
-conformational change in lfa1 increases affinity and prolongs cell/cell contact

58
Q

true or false: cellular activation affects the adhesion of some adhesion properties

A

true
-increases affinity of integrins in LN

59
Q

what are the four families of chemokines

A

-c
-cc
-cxc
-cx3c

60
Q

what do lymphoid chemiokines do

A

-help direct the homeostatic trafficking of cells through lymphoid tissues

61
Q

what are inflammatory chemokines

A

induced at sites of inflammation
-can be expressed by many cell types
-help recruit cells to these sites

62
Q

name 2 secondary lymphoid tissues chemokines

A

-ccl21
ccl19

63
Q

secondary lympjoid tissue chemokines are produced by

A

-hev
-lymphoid tissue stromal cells
-dcs

64
Q

true or false: secondary lymphoid tissue chemokines promotes migration of B cells through HEV ln cortex

A

false
it is T cells

65
Q

what do secondary lymphoid tissue chemokines do

A

they serve in a gcoupled signal
-they increase the affinity of T cell integrin lfa-1 for its ligands on the endothelial cells

66
Q

what do ccl21 and 19 bind

A

ccr7 on T cells

67
Q

t cell homing in ln and cell adhesion molecules aka diapedesis steps with the cell adhesion molecs

A

-CIRCULATING LYMPHOCYTE ENTERS HEV IN THE LYMPH NODE (rolling)
-binding of L selecting to glycam-1 snd cd34 allows rolling interaction (rolling)
-activation: lfa-1 is activated by chemokines bound to extracellular matrix
-adhesion: activated lfa1 binds tightly to icam-1 this leads to a conformational change
-diaspedesis: lymphocyte migrates into the lymph node by diaspedesis

68
Q

dcs migrate from…. to…. bearing Ag

A

from periphery to lymphoid organ t zone

69
Q

what are the ways that the dcs are sampling their environment

A

-pinocytosis
-phagocytosis
-engulfment of apaptotic cells

70
Q

detecting danger signals causes the cells to mature; what dio they do

A

-decrease adhesion to local tissue cells
-increase expression of receptors like ccr7 for chemokines by lymphatic endothelial cells and lymphoid organ T zones
-upregulate mhc and costimulatory molecules

71
Q

can we use anti-integrin therapies for ibs

A

yup

72
Q

true or false: s1pr1 is a chemokine

A

false: it is a receptor

73
Q

what is required for the exit of T cells from the lymphoid organs

A

s1pr1

74
Q

the exit if the t cells involved migrating to….

A

s1p that is high in blood/lymph and low in the tissue

75
Q

true or false: activated lymphocuyes go through endothelial lining and upregulate s1pr1 and are in the responding lymphoid tissue until they become effectors

A

false they downregulate s1pr1

76
Q

what does fty720 do

A

it inhibits the exit and is in clinical development as an immunosuppressant for MS

77
Q

true or false: l selectin is not expressed on activated t cells

A

true

78
Q

true or false: cd2 and lfa1 are adhesion molecules that are present in naive t cells but the expression if up regulated on activated t cells

A

true

79
Q

what do cd44 binds to

A

extracellulat matroc component HA

80
Q

true or false cd 44 expression gets upregulated on activated t cells

A

true

81
Q

what does cd45a/o do

A

for differentcial splicing og cd45 rna on naive and armed t cells
-it dictates the threshold of phosphatase activity

82
Q

what does vla4 do

A

expressed not immediately upon T cell activation, not expressed on naive t cells
-highly expressed on activated memory t cells
-fucntions on homing to inflamed vascular endothelium

83
Q

true or false: endothelium expresses madcam1

A

-true

84
Q

t cell activation in skin draining slos

A

-preferentially programs the upregulation of skin homing molecules
-vitamin d metatolites catalized by sunlight may induce ccr10 expression
-reason why living in low sunlight have higher chances of inflammatory diseases=good for homing

85
Q

in the small intestine, dietary vitamin A metabolites are processed by….. and delivered to…..

A

are processed by aeb7(cd103)dc and delivered to T cells during activation in gut draining slos, where they promote a4b7 integrin and ccr9 expression
=protection to enteric pathogens

86
Q

after migrating to non-lymphoid tissues, local devlopmental cues are provided by the ….

A

tissue microenvironment itself anf mofify effector and memory T cell differentiation in situ

MIMM 314 (11 decks)

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