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MIMM 314 > Allergies and immunotherapies > Flashcards

Allergies and immunotherapies Flashcards

1
Q

where are allergic diseases the most common chronic disease

A

north america

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2
Q

who does allergies affect the most

A

young peeps

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3
Q

what is the proportion of people who have allergies

A

1/3

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4
Q

the main atopic diseases are:

A

-eczema
-allergic rhinitis
-asthma
-food allergies
-venom allergies
-drug allergies

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5
Q

allergic rhinitis are characterized by

A

runny nose, sneezing and congestion

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6
Q

which type of allergy do we know the most about

A

venom allergies
because the US used to work on them a lot during the vietnam war

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7
Q

true or false: allergies all use the same mechanisms to induce inflammation

A

true
-this means that they have common roots and have the same druggable targets

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8
Q

true or false: for food allergies the 2 sub types are both IgA mediated

A

false they are IgE mediated

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9
Q

what are the 2 subtypes of food allergies

A

-anaphylactic allergies aka classic allergies
-food pollen syndrome

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10
Q

which subtypoe of food allergy is a form ofg allergic rhinitis

A

food pollen syndrome

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11
Q

why is food pollen syndrome caused

A

-because fruits and veggiesrequire pollen for development it is possible that one develops an allergy against the proteins found in residual pollen on these fruits and veggies

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12
Q

which is the worse: anaphylactic allergies or food pollen syndrome

A

anaphylactic allergies

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13
Q

how can people with FPS(food pollen syndrome) can not have allergies

A

they cook the food because it denatures the proteins

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14
Q

true or false: people with FPS can just cook the food and they will be fine

A

false
sometimes because fruits and veggies will continue to undergo metabolic processes after being picked aka they will ripen, the devlopment of storage proteins may trigger a reaction
-storage proteins will be slightly different in chemical nature than the proteins found on/within the fruit/veggie right after it has been picked

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15
Q

which type of allergies are the most common

A

-respiratory allergies/allergic rjinitis and asthma

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16
Q

true or false the allergens by themselves are not inherently dangerous

A

true

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17
Q

allergies are typically associated with enhanced production and release of….

A

histamines

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18
Q

what does histamine fo

A

increase vascular permeabiliyu and vasolidation

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19
Q

all type I allergies are … mediated

A

IgE

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20
Q

type II and III allergies are mediated by….

A

IgG

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21
Q

IgE binds to

A

eosinophils and mast cells

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22
Q

Once bound tio the Fc receptot, should the antibody reencounter the corresponding allergen, the cell wil….

A

undergo de-granulation
-releasing a numbver of pro-inflammatory factors and histamines

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23
Q

true or false: hives caused by allergies always appear where the allergen touched it

A

false, they don’t really do that
-it is possible that they appear on diatal regions
-we call this a generalized symptom

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24
Q

true or false: the known mediators of allergic inflammation only works on short distances

A

tryue

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25
true or false: allergies could be connected to the nervous system
true
26
true or false; you can condition mice to get allerfies
-each time the mice were exposed to an allergen (causing mast cells to degranulate) scientists would flicker the lights -at some point they would flicker the lights and the mice would get a reaction
27
what is the currect allergy hypothesis about the immediate, generalized symptoms is that ....
-neuron signalling induces distal mast cell degranulation leading to the appearances of rashes/hives in distal regions -also explainms why the symptoms shpw up so fast -this is supported by the fact that the neural tracts are typically line with mast cells
28
what is the major mediator in allergic meduiation
histamines
29
what do mast cells release
-leukotrienes -il4 -il13 -platelet activating factors
30
when are all the mediators of allergies released
they are all released when the bound IgE is stimulated
31
what is the role of IL4 in allergies
it will to the expansion ofd a th2 cell population
32
what is the role of il13 in allergies
will encourage the production of mucus and contraction of smooth muscle
33
true or false: leukotrienes are pro-inflammatory
false they can be pro or anti inflammatory
34
what ios the role pf platelet activating factors
there is a working hypothesis that they are involved in the severity ogf the allergic reaction
35
what are the main effects of histamines on the body
-GI traft -airways -circulatory system
36
effects of histamine: GI tract
-there will be increased fluid secretion -increased peristalsis -leading to the expulsion of any contents in the GI tract ex: diarrhea and vomitiong
37
effects of histamines: airways
-there will be decreased diameter of the bronchial tubes and increased mucus secretion -leading to congestion, wheezing, coughing and difficulty breathing -cause bu IL13
38
there are certain viral diseases that are linked to... because they activate ILC2s in the peripheral tissues
asthma
39
affects of histamines on the circulatory system
-increased blood flow and increased permability -leading to hypotension -increased flow of lymph not the LN -increased effector cell response in the periferal tissues
40
the flooding of peripheral tissues is known ...
edema leads to visible swelling
41
what is usually one ofg the biggest issues when it comes to allergic reactions
hypotensions
42
true or false: mast cells are only harmful
false -they also produce regulatory molecules and fight against parasitic infecttions -so we can't get rid of them all
43
why did allergies devlop
the individual was mistakenly sensitized to an environmental substance when a PAMP/DAMP was picked up/detected by an APC -hence the APC presented the allergen to a naive T cell for its activation as opposed to the pathogenic antigen
44
true or false: genetics factors are also hypothesized to play a role in allergy devlopment
true
45
true or false: should an individual lack proper filaggrin they are at lower risk for allergy development
false higher this is because filaggrin is a sealant for the skin and without any sealant, the skin cells can dehydrate easily
46
filaggrin and allergies how are they related
-no filaggrin -this is because filaggrin is a sealant for the skin and without any sealant, the skin cells can dehydrate easily -the shrivelling leads to the formation of openings in the skin barrier -microbe on the surface of the skin can then get through and rweach tissue layers deeper in the body -this may then trigger an inflammatory response should a prr recognize a pamp on the microbe
47
those with eczema are more geared towards mounting a type... immune response against all types of infections
-type 2 -thus even a basic bacterial infection which shgould induce the expansion and activation of Th17 cells instead leads to the expansion and activation of Th2 cells
48
atopic march
describes the progession of allergy devlopment throughout the life span of an individual
49
those in infancy are more likely to devlop which type of allergies
-food allergies -atopic dermatitis
50
as people age they are more likely to develop which type of allergies
-allergic asth,a -allergic rhinitis
51
why are there difference in allergies between old and young poeple
the allergic disease diseases that develop at a young age are localized/associated with areas of the body that need to learn how to mount proper immune responses aka the gut
52
true or false: immune agents that protrect the airways, the local immune agents don't need to go through training
true
53
true or false: fior every food that we ingest we will mount an immune response against
true the key is whether that immune response promotes tolerance or inflammation
54
allergies are driven by the recognition of ....
enviromental substances as antigens
55
allergic diseases are rooted in which sysrtem and how
-innate immune system ' -it starts with the innate immune system then it propagates as a type 2 immune response
56
why is it good for kids to be antigenetically stimulated
training the immune system can help us veer away from relying so heavily on tyoe 2 immunity -which in younger individuals is seen as the baseline fall back response
57
kids who don't have a functional or active foxp3 suffer from
-severe dermatitis and colitis -this is because without foxp3 they have no t regs -they cannot develop a tolerance for any substance -they die within years of their birth if thety don't receive a hematopoietic cell stem transplant
58
true or false: ilc2 play a role in allergies
true
59
th2 cells do what in allergies
th2 cells drive B cells to class switch forming UgE plasma cells which then produce a large amoubnt of the allergen specific ig3 -these ige antibodies will bind to mast cells and basophils
60
the cytokines caused by the allergoes will be released by.... and lead to...
-released by DCs and epithelial cells -leads to the stimulation of Th2 cells and ILC2s
61
which type of immune response do people with allergies have
th2 immune response
62
true or false: those with allergies have cirvulating IgE antibodies that are specific to allergens
true
63
true or false: those with allergies possess high amounts of active TGF-b and IL10
-false it is lower =decerased ability to suppress the immune system
64
true or false; people with allergies may had a lack of exposure to antigens/verious enviromental substances as kids
true
65
tryue or false: those with no allergies have a diverse and large population of t refgs
true all of which can produce tgf-b to suppress innapropriate immune responses
66
true or false those without allergies; have the ability to produce il-10
true they work against the inflammatory nature of innate immune cells
67
true or false; those without allergies may have naive t cell that recognize enviromental substances (potential allergens)
true -they become anergic
68
what are the different ways to treat allergies
- steroids -broncho dilators -epinephrine -anti-histamines -dmards
69
what do steroids do
an anti-inflammatory drug to downregulate the activity tio T cells
70
why do we use bronco dilators
to reverse bronchospasms
71
why do we use epinephrine
-increase blood and vascular constriction to counterract the vascular effects of histamine -this is primarily to increase the blood pressure and change the circulation
72
what do anti histamines dfo
factors that are capable of inhibiting histamine signalling
73
what are dmards do
-disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs -typically iused in the ocntect of theumatoid arthritis but can be ised as a form of targeted immune blockade in the context of allergies
74
the treatments for allergies are classified in 5 classes
-allergen avoidance -symptoms management -targeted immune blockade -immunotherapy -prevention
75
how do we use synptoms management
-nasal wahses, eyes washes to reduce itchy eyes and congested nose -all of the previously mentioned medical interventions except dmards fall under this category
76
what do targeted immune blockades dfo
-ceryain treatments target the Fc receptor on mast cells -thus inhibiting the binding of the allergen specific IgE antibodies -others maybe block type 2 cytokine receptors such as il4-a chain
77
drawback of targeted immune blockade
=targeting cytokine receptors means that the cytokinme is still being produces, meaning that the cytokine is still being produces meaning thaty the drug has to be regularly administred maka moneyyyy
78
what are the 3 principles of immuno therapy
-immune response is dynamic -immunomodulation is possible due to the plasticity of the T cell subsets -using repeated dosage exposures
79
immunotherapy: immune response is dynamic
immunotherapy works to re-train the immune syustem insted of veering towards a th2 response, it is guided towards the more appropriate response
80
immunotherapy: using repeated dosage exposures
-in small quantities -the immune system can become tolerant to allergens -this has been successful in venom allergies and a lil but in enviromental and food allergioes -works better in kids
81
immunotherapy requires.. to rebuild populations of T and B regs
the immune system -Bregs are essential cytokine producers that have the ability to change back the T cell population after therapeutic conditioning in the case where they were not properly re-trained
82
limitations of immunotherapy
-exposing the patient to an allergen risks severe anaphylactic shock -therapy can take years -the duration of the effects is unknown -it is possible that the allergy re develops
83
prevention of allergies:
-start early on -creating complex antigenic environments for our kids ensures that they develop tolerant responses to as many differenty antuigens as possible while their immune systems are still developing aka let them play in dirst and eat snopw
84
true or false: kids are better to eat possible allergens than to touch them
substances are introduced orally compared to topically as the later option would risk introduing microbes deeper in the body at the same time as the new introduction of an environmental substance
85
true or false we have the cure for allergies
nah the treatments are helpful in managing the synmptoms of an allergic reaction -to do so would require to change the nature of the cell itself
86
what is teh proportion of people with allergies that improve
1/5

MIMM 314 (11 decks)

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