lecccc Flashcards
types of brain waves
alpha
beta
delta
theta
symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Polyuria
fatigue
main regulatory functions of Endocrine system
control reproductive functions
water balance
heart rate and Blood pressure regulation
Ion Regulation
4 major functions of the Nervous System
Maintaining homeostasis
integrating information
control of muscle and glands
receiving sensory input
4 effects of Aging on the nervous System
Decrease sensory neurons
decrease motor neurons
Decrease size & weight
Decrease neuronal function
3 types of sensory receptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
3 disruptions to Pain receptors
local anesthesia
general anesthesia
gate control theory
4 functions of blood
transport gases, nutrients and waste
transport processed molecules
maintaining body temperature
clot formation
veins of abdomen and pelvis
ovarian vein
suprarenal vein
testicular vein
3 veins of lower limbs
Femoral Vein
Popliteal vein
Great suprarenous vein
4 functions of the heart
routing blood
generating blood pressure
ensuring 1 way blood flow
regulating blood supply
4 large veins carrying blood to the heart
Inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
pulmonary veins
coronary sinus
4 heart medications
Nitroglycerin
calcium channel blockers
Digitalis
Antihypertensive drugs
4 functions of circulatory system
- Carries blood
- Exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues
- Transports substances
- Helps regulate blood pressure
- Directs blood flow to the tissue
thrombus freely floating in the bloodstream
Embolus
normal vision
20/20
gland found in upper part of thoracic cavity that secretes thymosin for immunity system
Thymus
type of glasses use if lenses are removed
concave
hormone that stimulates fats and favors protein breakdown
Growth hormone
connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles in the midbrain
cerebral aqueduct
meaty and savory taste
umami
fatty protective wrappings around the axon
myelin sheaths
blood pressure is most commonly taken in what artery
brachial artery
responsible for sexual emotions and homeostasis
Hypothalamus
bind to intracellular receptors in the target cell
Lipid soluble hormones
accumulation of aqueous humor due to blockage of venous ring
Glaucoma
chemical messenger secreted into the blood, travels to a distant target tissue
Hormones
may cause changes in the transcription and translation when bound to appropriate signals and typically bind to hydrophobic chemical signals
Intracellular receptors
chemical substances released from the presynaptic terminal and are normally broken down by enzymes
neurotransmitters
can cause constrictions in the blood vessels when present in large amounts
Antidiuretic hormone
lives for about 120 days in males and 110 in females, loses nuclei
RBC
removes bacteria and cell debris from CNS
Microglial
short branching cytoplasmic extensions that receives information
dendrites
when bind to antigen, result can be agglutination of cells
Antibodies
produced by kidney in response to low blood oxygen levels
Erythropoietin (EPO)
molecules that covered surface of RBC
Antigens
Neurotransmitters with clinical examples such as use of cocaine and amphetamines
Norepinephrine
250,000-4000,000 is the normal count for?
Platelet
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
pulse pressure
abnormally high WBCs
Leukocytosis
fluid or blood accumulates in pericardial cavity and compresses the heart
Cardiac Tamponade
rigid sickle chape
sickle shape anemia
performed when patients heart is scarred or deformed
Heart valve replacement
cranial nerves
lol
– reduce the rate at which Ca2+ diffuses into cardiac & smooth muscle
cells to control the force of heart contractions & reduce arrhythmia
Calcium Channel Blockers
placed beneath the skin that is equipped with an electrode which
provides an electrical stimulus to the heart at set frequency
Artificial Pacemaker
reduce blood pressure to decrease the heart’s workload
Antihypertensive Drugs
heart is Located in thoracic cavity between the two pleural cavities called the
mediastinum
a double-layered sac that anchors it within the mediastinum and protects heart; forms the
pericardial cavity (space around heart);
Pericardium
– a tough connective tissue in outer layer
Fibrous Pericardium
inner layer; consists of flat epithelial cells with a thin layer of connective
tissue
Serous Pericardium
a part of serous that lines the fibrous pericardium
Parietal Pericardium:
part that covering the heart surface
Visceral Pericardium / Epicardium:
– produced by the serous pericardium within pericardial cavity that helps reduce friction
as the heart moves within the pericardium
Pericardial Fluid
located at the base of heart; functions primarily as reservoir, where blood returning from veins
collects; its contraction forces blood into ventricles to complete ventricular filling (primer pump)
Atria
receives blood from three major openings:
Right Atrium
receives blood through the four pulmonary veins, which drain blood from the lungs
Left Atrium
– drain blood from most of the body
Superior & Inferior Vena Cava
– drains blood from most of the heart muscle
Coronary Sinus
a partition that separates the two atria
Interatrial Septum
extend from the base toward the apex; major pumping chambers as they eject blood into the
arteries and force it to flow through circulatory system (power pump)
Ventricles
– pumps blood into pulmonary trunk (pulmonary circulation)
Right Ventricle
thicker & contracts more forcefully as it pumps blood into aorta for systemic
circulation
Left Ventricle
a muscle that separates the two ventricles
Interventricular Septum
extends around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles
Coronary Sulcus
arising from right ventricle; splits into right & left pulmonary arteries; carry
blood to lungs
Pulmonary Trunk
– arising from left ventricle, carries blood to the rest of the body
Aorta
maintain the one-way flow of blood through the heart chambers;
Heart Valves
– located between each atrium & ventricle; allow blood to flow from
atria into the ventricles but prevent it from flowing back into the atria; open when the ventricles relax
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
– has 3 cusps between the right atrium & right ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
has 2 cusps between the left atrium & left ventricle
Bicuspid Valve / Mitral Valve
cone-shaped muscular pillars in each ventricle; muscles are attached by thin, strong, connective tissue strings, chordae tendineae, to the free margins of the cusps of AV
valves; contract along with ventricles & prevent the valves from opening
Papillary Muscles
– located between each ventricle & its associated great artery; each valve
consists of 3 pocketlike semilunar cusps; open when the ventricles contract
Semilunar (SL) Valves
between right ventricle & pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary SL Valve
between left ventricle & aorta
Aortic SL Valve
consists of fibrous rings that surround AV & SL valves & give them
solid support; serve as electrical insulation between atria & ventricles and rigid attachment site for cardiac
muscle
Cardiac Skeleton / Fibrous Skeleton
– supply oxygenated blood to the wall of heart; originate from the base of the aorta, just
above the aortic SL valves
Coronary Arteries
– a thin, serous membrane forming the smooth outer surface
Epicardium –
thick middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cells; responsible for contraction of
heart chambers
Myocardium –
smooth inner surface; allows blood to move easily through the heart; where heart valves are formed by its folds
Endocardium
