Labb Flashcards
5 basic taste
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
3 factors affecting blood pressure
Cardiac output
Resistance
Blood volume
Hormones secreted by pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
4 classical symptoms of Parkinson Disease
Muscular Riggidy
Resting tremor
Slow shuffling gait
3 functions of the Lymphatic system
Produce White blood cells
Absorbs/transports fats
Removing excess fluids
2 immune diseaseresulting from failure of thymus to develop
Di george syndrome
Nezel of diseases
Bathes the brain and spinal cord, providing a protective cushion around the CNS. Fills the brain ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Autoimmune disorder affects acetylcholine receptors; makes the neuromuscular junction less functional; muscle weakness and increased fatigue lead to paralysis.
Myasthenia gravis
Mental deterioration, or dementia; usually affects older people; involves loss of neurons in the cerebral cortex; symptoms include general
intellectual deficiency, memory loss, short attention span, moodiness, disorientation, and irritability.
Alzheimer disease
Autoimmune condition; may be initiated by viral infection; inflammation in brain and spinal cord with demyelination and sclerotic (hard) sheaths results in poor conduction of action potentials; symptoms include exaggerated reflexes, tremor, and speech defects.
Multiple sclerosis
Caused by a lesion in basal nuclei; characterized by muscular rigidity, resting tremor, general lack of movement, and a slow, shuffling gait.
Parkinson disease
The storage of memory can be divided into three stages:
working, short-term, and long-term
components of Diencephalon
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
○ Largest part of diencephalon
○ Connected in center by interthalamic adhesion
○ Relay for sensory information!
○ Influences mood
○ Registers unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain
Thalamus
Superior to thalamus
○ Small, few nuclei involved in emotional/visceral response to odors
● Epithalamus
influences onset of puberty; plays role in controlling long-term cycles influenced by light-dark cycle
Pineal Gland
Inferior part of diencephalon
Maintenance of homeostasis
Regulate body temperature, hunger, thirst
Sensations like sexual pleasure, rage, fear, relaxation, “nervous perspirations” (emotional responses)
Hypothalamus
extends from bottom of hypothalamus to pituitary gland
Infundibulum:
form visible swellings on backside of hypothalamus → emotional responses to odors and memory
Mammillary bodies
Cranial Nerves
I - Olfactory -s
II - Optic-s
III - Oculomotor-m
IV - Trochlear-m
V - Trigeminal-mix
VI - Abducens-m
VII - Facial-mix
VIII - Vestibulocochlear-s
IX - Glossopharyngeal-mix
X - Vagus-mix
XI - Accessory-m
XII - Hypoglossal-m
Cranial Nerves - Motor to four of six extrinsic eye muscles and upper eyelid; parasympathetic: constricts pupil, thickens lens
Oculomotor
Cranial Nerves - Sensory to face and teeth; motor to muscles of mastication (chewing)
trigeminal
Cranial Nerves - Sensory: taste; motor to muscles of facial expression; parasympathetic to salivary and tear glands.
Facial
Cranial Nerves - Hearing and balance
Vestibulocochlear
Cranial Nerves - Sensory: taste and touch to back of tongue; motor to pharyngeal muscles; parasympathetic to salivary glands
Glossopharyngeal
Cranial Nerves - Sensory to pharynx, larynx, and viscera; motor to palate, pharynx, and larynx; parasympathetic to viscera of thorax and abdomen
Vagus
Cranial Nerves - Motor to two neck and upper back muscles
Accessory
Cranial Nerves - Motor to tongue muscles
Hypoglossal
The olfactory cortex and certain deep cortical regions and
nuclei of the cerebrum and the diencephalon are grouped
together under the title ______.
limbic system.
influences long-term declarative memory, emotions, visceral responses to emotions, motivation, and mood.
limbic system.
responds to olfactory stimulation by initiating responses necessary for survival, such as hunger and thirst.
Limbic System
hollow, fluid-filled sphere
Eyeball
Tunics – 3 layered wall of the eye
Fibrous tunic
Vascular tunic
Nervous tunic
– firm, white, outer connective tissue; maintains the shape of the eye, protects the internal structures, and provides attachment sites for the extrinsic eye muscles.
Sclera
– transparent, permits light to enter; refracts the entering light; ‘window of the eye. As part of the focusing system of the fibrous tunic, it also bends, or refracts, the entering light. If light were reflected inside the eye, the reflection would interfere with vision. The interiors of cameras are black for the same
reason.
Cornea
contains most of the blood vessels of the eye
Vascular tunic
controls the amt. of light entering the eyes
Pupil
flexible, biconvex, transparent disc
Lens
Functions of the Eye
Light Refraction
Focusing Images on the Retina
An important characteristic of light is that it can be refracted(bent). As light passes from air to some other, denser transparent substance, the light rays are refracted. If the surface of a lens is concave, the light rays are bent, so that they diverge as they pass
Light Refraction
crossing point
Focal point
– causes light to converge
Focusing
causes greater refraction of light; enables the eye to focus on images
Accommodation
oval structures located on the surface of certain papillae;
taste buds
Involves optic nerve degeneration, cataracts, retinal detachment; often caused by blood vessel degeneration and hemorrhage
Diabetic retinopathy
Cornea or lens is not uniformly curved, so image is not sharply focused
Astigmatism
Separation of sensory retina from pigmented retina; relatively common problem; may result in vision loss
Retinal detachment
3 Auditory Ossicles
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (Anvil)
Stapes (Stirrup)
Clouding of lens as a result of advancing age, infection, or trauma; most common cause of blindness in the world
Blindness Cataract
a polypeptide hormone that plays a major role in bone remodeling and
calcium homeostasis, by increasing the concentration of calcium in the blood.
Parathyroid Hormones
Classes of Chemical Messengers
Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
Neurotransmitter
are determined by the antigens that are present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs, also known as erythrocytes).
Blood types
When blood clumps or forms visible islands in the still liquid plasma, it is called
agglutination
found on the surface of red cells
Antigens
Most of the volume of normal human blood is composed of:
plasma
The blood of all normal humans contains _____, ______, _____ ,______.
red and white cells, platelets, and plasma
Erythrocyte is another name for ?
Red Blood Cell
provide the major defense for our bodies against invading bacteria and viruses
White blood Cell / Leukocytes
The relatively clear liquid medium which carries the other cells of blood is called ?
plasma
normal pulse rate of adult
60-100
the pressure that blood exerts on the wall of the blood vessels
blood pressure
-– a record of electrical events within the heart
-is an interpretation of the electrical activity (depolarization and repolarization) of the heart
over a period of time.
electrocardiogram (ECG)
– results from depolarization of atrial myocardium
P wave
– represents repolarization of ventricles
T wave
in EKG, ventricular systole occurs at this time.
results from depolarization of ventricles
QRS complex
common pulse points
Brachial artery
Common carotid artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial artery
Radial artery
During diastole the atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the right and left atria.
Atrial and ventricular diastole
normal BP
120/80
hardening of the arteries.
It is typically caused by a diet high in fat, which leaves fatty deposits on the lining of the blood vessels.
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the technical term
can occur when the blood supply is cut off from the heart, often by a blood clot.
Heart attack
can happen when one of the vessels that lead to the brain either becomes blocked by a blood clot or bursts.
This stops blood flow and prevents oxygen from getting to the brain.
Stroke
the heart is not pumping blood around the body as efficiently as it should.
Heart failure
carry blood toward the heart; usually, the blood is deoxygenated (oxygen-poor)
Veins
blood flow here from arterioles; where the diffusion or exchange of gases, substances, and other waste products
Capillaries
carry blood away from the heart; usually oxygenated;
Arteries
The opening of a blood vessel.
vasodilation
The closing or tightening of a blood vessel
vasoconstriction
The movement of blood around the body, closely controlled by alterations in resistance and pressure
blood flow
muscles of the heart
Myocardium
circulates oxygenated blood from the heart around the body
systemic circulatory system
circulates deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary circulatory system
What causes blood pressure?
contraction of the ventricles in the heart
The picture below shows the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through a capillary wall. This picture shows the exchange of gases between which two body systems?
circulatory and respiratory
a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues,
and organs.
Lymphatic system
In addition to serving as a drainage network, the lymphatic system helps protect the body against infection by producing _____ which help rid the body of disease-causing microorganisms.
wbc / lymphocytes
organ that filters foreign material from the blood and destroy old RBC
SPLEEN
The Spleen is found in what part of the body?
Left side of stomach
Give 3 functions of the lymphatic system
Remove excess fluid
absorb/transports fats
produces WBC
possible blood types of type A and Type B
A,B,AB,O
hormones by posterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
pulse on the neck
carotid
muscles of the heart
Myocardium
how many times u blink per minut
20
elevated blood pressure
hypertension
flat line
cardiac arrest
universla donor
o
during contractions of the skeletal muscle around the vessels, what is moved through lymphatic vessels?
Lymph
vagus nerve is wat number?
Cranial nerve 10
memory that includes riding a bike
procedural memory
lymphatic system produces these cells to fight infection and get rid of microoganisms
Lymphocytes
both atrium and ventricles relax during this
Diastole
in EKG ventricular systole occurs this time
QRS Complex
number of spinal nerves
31
number of taste cells
40 taste cells
3 plexuses of the spinal nerves
Cervical Plexus
Lumbo-sacral Plexus
Brachial Plexus
