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Reproduction > Lec3 Male and Female Reproductive Endocrinology > Flashcards

Lec3 Male and Female Reproductive Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

In males, what does the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus cause?

A

Release of LH and FSH from the pituitary

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2
Q

What does LH do in males?

A

Acts on the testes to cause secretion of testosterone

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3
Q

What does FSH do in males?

A

Acts on the testes to cause sperm production

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4
Q

Which hormones are needed for sperm production?

A

Both LH and FSH because sperm production requires testosterone

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5
Q

What effect does testosterone have on GnRH, LSH and FSH?

A

Testosterone negatively feeds back on GnRH, release of LH and FSH therefore reducing the secretion of these three hormones

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6
Q

What effect does inhibin have?

A

Inhibin produced by the testes negatively feeds back to the anterior pituitary gland to stop production of inhibin

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7
Q

What are the effects of testosterone?

A 
They cause the male secondary reproductive characteristics:
Increased aggression & libido
Enlargement of the larynx
Male pattern pubic hair
Muscle development 
Sperm production
Bone growth 
Acne
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8
Q

How is testosterone conversion to oestrodiol?

A

Aromatase

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9
Q

During pregnancy, the mother produces lots of oestrogen, what effect does this have on the baby?

A

No effect on the development of the baby

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10
Q

What happens in the male embryo?

A

The testes of the male embryo start to secrete testosterone, which causes development of male foetal anatomy

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11
Q

If there is no hormone activity, what happens to the foetus?

A

Then it is by default a female embryo

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12
Q

What is required for male anatomy to develop in the foetus?

A

Testosterone

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13
Q

If an XY embryo cannot produce testosterone, what will happen?

A

He will be born with female anatomy

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14
Q

What happens to males during puberty?

A

There is a dramatic increase in testosterone secretion to allow male secondary reproductive characteristics to develop

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15
Q

In females, what happens when the hypothalamus secretes GnRH?

A

There is LH and FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary gland

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16
Q

What is the effect of LH secretion?

A

LH secretion causes progesterone to be secreted from the ovaries (progesterone is a single hormone)

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17
Q

What is the effect of FSH secretion?

A

FSH causes the ovaries to secrete oestrogen (oestrogens are a group of hormones)

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18
Q

What are progestogens?

A

Progestogens are a synthetic hormone used in contraception and are progesterone-like

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19
Q

What effect do oestrogen and progesterone have on LH and FSH?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone negatively feedback to reduce FSH and LH secretion respectively

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20
Q

What are the effects of oestrogen?

A

Oestrogen do not influence development

An increase in oestrogen production in females causes development of secondary sexual characteristics

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21
Q

What are the female secondary reproductive characteristics?

A 
Bone growth 
Female psyche
Fair complexion
Breast development 
Widening of the pelvis
Maturation of genitalia 
Female pattern pubic hair 
Subcutaneous fat deposition 
Ovulation and menstruation
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22
Q

What happens to the levels of oestrogen in puberty?

A

There is a dramatic increase of oestrogen production in females which causes the development of secondary female characteristics
The hormones are cyclical - not constant level

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23
Q

What other effects can oestrogen have?

A

Development of maternal instincts is due to oestrogen

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24
Q

What happens to oestrogen in menopause?

A

Women stop producing as much oestrogen and progesterone and lose some secondary characteristics LH and FSH secretion increase due to the loss of the negative feedback

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25
Q

Which hormone is dominant in the first half of the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen

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26
Q

Which hormone is dominant in the second half of the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone

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27
Q

Why does this occur where there is oestrogen dominance in the first half and progesterone dominance in the second half?

A

Due to GnRH pulsatility - pulsatile secretion of GnRH

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28
Q

What decides whether there is FSH or LH secretion?

A

The frequency of the pulses
Slow pulses = FSH secretion
Fast pulses = LH secretion

29
Q

How can we tell if a foetus is going to be female?

A

If there is a pulsatility pattern of GnRH secretion, can tell it is going to be a girl and what the pattern of the adult female menstrual cycle will be

30
Q

If the female foetus is exposed to testosterone?

A

It will lose the GnRH pulsatility and it becomes constant - like in males

31
Q

What is day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

First day of bleeding

32
Q

What happens at the start of the menstrual cycle?

A

There is an increase in FSH secretion which causes a delayed increase in oestrodiol

33
Q

What effect does the oestrodiol have on the FSH

A

The oestrodiol has a negative feedback effect on the FSH so FSH secretion dips and so oestrodiol secretion reduces as well

34
Q

What happens at day 12?

A

There is a surge in LH over 24 hours and also a little surge in FSH - no function of FSH surge, just incidental

35
Q

What is required to happen in order for there to be a LH surge?

A

There needs to be 36 hours of elevated oestrodiol for the LH surge to occur

36
Q

What effect does the LH surge at day 12 have?

A

The LH surge causes an increase in oestrodiol secretion and progesterone secretion - LH is sufficient to cause the oestrodiol and progesterone increase for 7 days but there is vastly more progesterone than oestrodiol

37
Q

What can be said about oestrogen concentration mid cycle?

A

There is a large variation in oestrogen concentration mid cycle

38
Q

What happens in the few days mid cycle when progesterone and oestrodiol levels are very low?

A

Only in some people the oestrodiol levels come down to 0

In these few days of low oestrodiol and progesterone, the adrenals produce testosterone

39
Q

What becomes the dominant hormone mid cycle and is increased in people with acne?

A

Testosterone

40
Q

When the menstrual cycle extends in length, which half the first or second half stays constnat?

A

The second half - last 14 days - stay constant

The first half - first 14 days change

41
Q

What effect does FSH have on the follicle in the process of ovulation?

A

The FSH causes the follicle to mature and secrete oestrogens

42
Q

What happens during maturation of the follicle?

A

The ovum moves towards the edge of the follicle and during the LH surge (day12) is expelled from the follicle - causing ovulation at day 14

43
Q

What happens after ovulation?

A

Following the expulsion of the ovum at day 14, the follicle turns yellow (lutenising) and produces lots of progesterone

44
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

On day 14 usually - or 14 days before the first day of menstruation

45
Q

What effect does oestrodiol have on the endometrium?

A

It causes the endometrium to grow and thicken

46
Q

If oestrodiol was present for longer, what would happen?

A

The endometrium would become thicker and thicker

47
Q

What happens when progesterone is dominant?

A

The thickening of the endometrium ceases but enters ‘secretory’ phase where it secretes nutrients
The purpose of this is to support the ovum and allow it to grow if it is fertilised

48
Q

If the ovulation doesn’t result in fertilisation, what happens when there is no stimulatory hormone and progesterone starts to drop?

A

The endometrial lining starts to collapse

49
Q

Any drop in progesterone will result in?

A

The collapse of the endometrial lining

50
Q

What does the drop in progesterone cause to happen to the blood vessels in the endometrium?

A

Causes them to vasoconstrict

51
Q

What effect does vasoconstriction of the blood vessels have on the endometrium?

A

The tissue becomes hypoxic due to a lack of blood supply

52
Q

After 18hours-3 days, the blood vessels dilate to the surrounding dead tissue, what effect does this have?

A

Increased blood supply causes the dead cells to be washed off
This causes clots which sit in the endometrium

53
Q

Over the next couple of days the clot is broken down by:

A

fibrinolysis

54
Q

What does the breakdown of the clot result in?

A

Menstruation

55
Q

When the cells are anoxic and endometrial cells are dying what do they produce?

A

Inflammatory mediators e.g. prostaglandins

56
Q

What do the prostaglandins cause?

A

Uterine contractions - period cramps and pain

57
Q

What do Aspirin and NSAIDs do?

A

Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis?

58
Q

Why are aspirin and NSAIDs thought to be helpful for period pain?

A

They inhibit prostaglandin synthesis so they prevent the induction of uterine contraction - reducing the cramping
Aspirin also has an anti-platelet effect which prevents the clots forming and increasing menstrual flow but this is not seen clinically

59
Q

How does the cervix prevent bacteria from entering the sterile environment of the uterus but allow sperm to get in?

A

Oestrogen causes the cervix to dilate so at the time of ovulation the cervix is maximally dilated to allow fertilisation to occur

60
Q

What effect does progesterone have on the cervix?

A

Causes it to constrict

61
Q

What effect does oestrodiol have on the cervical mucus?

A

Reduces its viscosity - makes it thin and watery - to allow sperm to swim through but not bacteria

62
Q

What effect does progesterone have on the cervical mucus?

A

Increases the viscosity to prevents sperm from getting through

63
Q

What does progesterone cause the day after ovulation?

A

An increase in body temperature

64
Q

What is the life expectancy of the ovum after ovulation

A

36-48hours

65
Q

What is the lifespan of sperm?

A

Active lifespan of 2 days

66
Q

What is the most fertile window for a woman?

A

Day 12- 16

67
Q

What can be said of women with a low day 3 serum inhibin B?

A

They demonstrate a poorer response to ovulation induction and are less likely to conceive through ART relative to women with high day 3 inhibin B

68
Q

The levels of day 3 inhibin B are used as what?

A

A measure of reproductive health

Reproduction (7 decks)

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