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Reproduction > Lec2 Defining the Male and Female Reproductive Tracts > Flashcards

Lec2 Defining the Male and Female Reproductive Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the reproduction system in both genders?

A

Production, storage and delivery of germ cells

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2
Q

What other functions do the female reproduction organs have?

A

To sustain and support the developing foetus/ embryo

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3
Q

What do the male and female reproductive system consist of?

A

Gonads
Internal ducts
External genitalia

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4
Q

In females, what are the gonads?

A

Ovaries

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5
Q

In females, what are the internal ducts?

A

Uterine/ fallopian tubes
Cervix
Vagina
Uterus

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6
Q

In females, what are the external genitalia?

A

Vulva (labia, clitoris & vestibule)

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7
Q

What happens to the male germ cells inside the female to prevent it being attacked and destroyed?

A

The male germ cells are filtered once inside the female

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8
Q

Where are the female ovaries located?

A

They are housed in the lateral wall of the pelvis, inferior to the pelvic inlet

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9
Q

What is the appearance of the ovary?

A

They are “Greek olive” shape - large olives

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10
Q

What happens to the ovaries after menopause?

A

They atrophy after menopause

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11
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Egg production

Hormone secretion

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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the ovaries?

A

Gonadal arteries and veins

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13
Q

What is the nervous supply to the ovaries?

A

Autonomic nerve supply from the ovarian plexus surround the ovaries

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14
Q

What are the ovaries divided into and what are the contents of each?

A

Ovarian cortex
Ovarian medulla

Cortex:
OVARIAN FOLLICLES - germ cells to become ova
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
CORPUS LUTEUM - secretes progesterone
THECA CELLS - secrete androgens and granulosa convert to oestrogen

Ovarian medulla:
Blood/ lymph vessel and nerves

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15
Q

What are the internal ducts in the female reproduction

A

Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina

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16
Q

Name three structural areas of the fallopian tubes:

A

Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum

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17
Q

What is the name of the finger like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes and what is their function?

A

Fimbriae

Capture released ovum

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18
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tube

A

It is the passageway from the ovaries to the uterus (passage of the ovum)
Normally the site of fertilisation

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19
Q

What do the fallopian tubes contain that helps them carry out their function?

A

Cilia that propel the ovum

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20
Q

What is the blood supply to the fallopian tubes?

A

Branches of the uterine and ovarian arteries and veins

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21
Q

What is the innervation to the fallopian tubes?

A

Sympathetic innervation from the ovarian plexus

Parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchic nerves

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22
Q

What is the orientation of the uterus?

A

It is anteverted (forwards) and anti flexed (downwards)

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23
Q

What can happen to the uterus after childbirth?

A

It can become retroverted

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24
Q

What is the proportion is the body of the uterus?

A

2/3

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25
Q

What proportion of the uterus is the cervix?

A

1/3

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26
Q

Name the three layers of the uterus and their function

A

Perimetrium - the outer serous wall covering the uterus
Myometrium - thick, muscular layer responsible from the process of parturition - propels the baby out
Endometrium - the inner mucous layer, site of implantation and the thickness changes during the menstrual cycle

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27
Q

What is the innervation to the uterus?

A

Sympathetic from the hypogastric plexus (along uterine artery)
Parasympathetic from the pelvic splanchnic nerves

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28
Q

Touch and pain (during birth) are felt due to:

A

somatic efferents (S2-S4)

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29
Q

Which muscles relay the kicking of the baby?

A

The anterior abdominal wall muscle - because these are somatic & the wall of the uterus is not

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30
Q

What are the four main vessels supplying the female internal ducts?

A

Ovarian vessels - supply salpinx and ovary
Uterine vessels - supply the uterus
Vaginal arteries - supply the vagina
Internal pudendal artery - supplies vagina and perineum

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31
Q

Name the ligaments around the uterus

A

Broad ligament
Mesosalpinx
Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament

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32
Q

How long are the fallopian tubes?

A

8-10cm (thin, long tubes)

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33
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The inferior portion of the uterus - a cylindrical tube

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34
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

It is a thick muscular layer, the opening to the uterus and which supports the developing foetus

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35
Q

What is the lumen of the cervix called?

A

Cervical canal

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36
Q

What are the constricted openings at the ends of the cervix called?

A

Internal os - communicating with uterus

External os - communicating with vagina

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37
Q

What does the cervix look like before child birth?

A

Round/oval

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38
Q

What does the cervix look like after childbirth?

A

Slit-like

39
Q

Why does the cervix have to be compliant with the uterus

A

Because the muscle of the uterus is so strong, the cervix needs to be compliant in order for parturition to take place

40
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Musculomembranous tube 7-9cm long

41
Q

What does the vagina do?

A

Links the cervix to the vulva
Receives semen during copulation
Canal for menstruation
Part of birth canal

42
Q

Blood supply to the vagina:

A

Vaginal arteries

43
Q

Nervous supply to the vagina:

A

Sympathetic innervation from the hypogastric plexus

Parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchnic nerves

44
Q

Where is the vulva/ vestibule located?

A

In the perineum

45
Q

What causes arousal in women?

A

The hollow structures either side of the opening of the vagina become filled with blood and make the labia majora bigger

46
Q

What are Bartholin glands?

A

They are little openings in the labia minora that allow lubrication of the vestibule

47
Q

Name the components of the external genitalia in females

A 
The vestibule - enclosed by the labia minora
The clitoris
Prepuce
Clitoris
Urethral opening 
Bartholin glands
48
Q

What is the blood supply to/from the external genitalia of women?

A

Pudendal artery (erectile) and vein

49
Q

Innervation of the external genitalia:

A

Branches of the genitofemoral and pudendal nerves

50
Q

What are the gonads in the reproductive system of males?

A

Testes

51
Q

What are the internal ducts in males?

A 
Vas deferens 
Efferent ductules 
Epididymis
Accessory glands - prostate 
Urethra
52
Q

What are the external genitalia in men?

A

Penis

Scrotum

53
Q

What is the size, appearance and location of the testes?

A

Testes are small, egg-shaped and housed in the scrotum

54
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Sperm production - germ cells and hormone secretion

55
Q

What is the blood supply to the testes?

A

Gonadal arteries and veins

56
Q

What is the innervation to the testes?

A

Spermatic plexus - autonomic nervous system

57
Q

What are the contents of the testes?

A

250-300 lobules - each with 4 seminiferous tubules:
Spermatogenic - generate sperm cells
Sertoli cells - support germ cell production
Leydig cells (interstitial cells) - secrete testosterone

58
Q

How do sperm exist the testes?

A

Seminiferous tubules - coiled tubules where the sperm is produced
Rete testis - straight tubules
Efferent ductules - the ducts leaving the testes
Epididymis - transport and storage of sperm
Vas deferens - thin muscular tube about 45cm long which runs towards the back of the bladder

59
Q

What is the purpose of the spermatic cord?

A 
It suspends the testes in the scrotum and contains:
Vas deferens
Blood (testicular) and lymph vessels
Cremaster muscle 
Nerves e.g. branch of genitofemoral
60
Q

How does the spermatic cord enter the abdomen?

A

Through the superficial inguinal ring

61
Q

Describe the route of travel of the vas deferens

A

Travels posteriorly, crosses over external iliac and towards the back of the bladder
It is joined by the seminal gland and together form the ejaculatory duct

62
Q

What makes up the semen?

A

Secretions of the prostate, bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands) and seminal vesicle

63
Q

What is the blood supply to the male internal ducts?

A

Those that primarily supply the bladder and the rectum
Inferior vesicle artery
Middle rectal artery

The veins follow the arteries so have the same name

64
Q

What is the innervation to the male internal ducts?

A

Sympathetic from the splanchnic and hypogastric plexus

Parasympathetic from the pelvic splanchnic nerves S2-3

65
Q

Where is the opening of the ejaculatory duct?

A

In the part of the penis which is surrounded by the prostate

66
Q

What does the prostate do during ejaculation?

A

The prostate acts as a two way valve and closes off the top part coming from the bladder so only semen comes out during ejaculation

67
Q

What are the accessory glands in males?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

68
Q

What structure is joined by the accessory glands?

A

The VAS DEFERENS

69
Q

What is the location of the seminal vesicles?

A

Inferior to the posterior of the bladder

70
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

They are an elongated organ that secrete alkaline fluid and fructose and coagulate

71
Q

What is the prostate?

A

A blunt inverted cone 3x4cm located at the base of the bladder and secretes prostatic fluid (20% of volume)

72
Q

Bulbourethral glands are:

A

Pea sized glands known as Cowper glands

73
Q

What is the function of the Cowper glands?

A

To secrete lubricating fluid to lubricate the internal ducts

74
Q

What is the blood supply to the accessory glands?

A

Inferior vesicle and prostatic vessels - branches from the internal iliac artery

75
Q

What structure exits the bladder?

A

The prostatic urethra

76
Q

What does the prostatic urethra become once past the prostate?

A

The membranous urethra

77
Q

What does the membranous urethra become?

A

The penile/ spongy urethra

78
Q

What is immediately outside of the penile urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosa

79
Q

What surround the corpus spongiosa?

A

Corpus cavernosa

80
Q

What is the function of the corpus cavernosa?

A

Fills with blood to make the penis erect

81
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Organ of copulation and urination

82
Q

What are the parts of the penis?

A

The root, body and glans

83
Q

The three cylindrical bodies of the penis are:

A

From inside to outside:
Penile urethra
Corpus spongiosa
Corpus cavernosa

84
Q

Blood supply to the penis:

A

Dorsal and Deep arteries (branches of interior pudendal)

Dorsal veins of the penis

85
Q

What are the nerves supplying the penis?

A

Dorsal nerve of the penis - branch of pudendal

86
Q

Which arteries fill the corpus cavernosa with blood?

A

The deep and dorsal arteries

87
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs in what type of environment/temperature?

A

Cooler temperatures

88
Q

What muscle helps the scrotum to be pulled closer to the body when it is cold?

A

The cremaster muscle

89
Q

What make up the external genitalia of a male?

A

Penis

Scrotum

90
Q

Why are the scrotum outside the body?

A

To house the testis in cooler temperatures to allow spermatogenesis to occur

91
Q

What muscle assists in regulating the temperature in the scrotum?

A

The smooth (dartos) muscle

92
Q

What are the vessels that supply the scrotum

A

Scrotal vessels (branch of the pudendal)

93
Q

What is the nerve that supplies the scrotum?

A

The genitofemoral nerve (&the posterior scrotal nerve?)

Reproduction (7 decks)

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