Lec2: Race for the Pole Flashcards
State the period of the Heroic Age.
1895-1922
Give Significant Dates and the corresponding names of Explorer and Expedition (where appropriate).
1872: HMS Challenger
1895: Cruise of the Atlantic - Henrik Johann Bull + Carsten Borchgrevink
1898: Adrian De Gerlache
1898: British Antarctic (Southern Cross) Expedition - Carsten Borchgrevink
1901: British National Antarctic Expedition - Rob ert Falcon Scott
1907: British Antarctic Expedition - Ernest Shackleton
1910: “Race for the Pole”
Who launched the Heroic Age?
Sir Clements Markham
What was the achievement of the HMS challenger?
- Wealth of scientific data
2. Rocks inside Antarctic circle suggest continent exists
What was the Cruise of the Antarctic’s accomplishment?
- First RECORDED continental landing (after John Davis!)
2. Borchgrevink found lichen (vegetation South of Antarctic circle!)
What was Adrian De Gerlache’s accomplishment?
Overwintered when trapped in Pack Ice in Antarctic Peninsuala
Southern Cross Expedition accomplishment?
- First mainland overwintering (Cape Adare)
- First Dog use
- First Landing on Ross Ice Shelf/Great Ice Barrier (furthest South)
What were the 3 ships used in each of Britian’s 3 expeditions?
- Scott (BNAE) - Discovery
- Shackleton (BAE) - Nimrod
- Scott returns - Terra Nova
What transport did Scott use in his first expedition?
Dogs and manhauling
What transport did Shackleton use in his expedition?
Ponies and walking (instead of dogs + skis)
When was the first motor car taken south?
Ernest Shackleton’s expedition in 1907
What were Edgeworth David’s achievements during the BAE?
- Climbed Mt. Erebus
2. Found Magnetic South Pole
What were the three subexpeditions on Scott’s return to Antarctica?
- Northern Party
- Midwinter Party
- Inland South Pole Party - “Race”
Northern Party achievements?
- Studied Adelie penguins
2. Geological specimens
Midwinter Party achievements?
Collect Emperor Penguin Eggs at Cape Adare to try find evolutionary link between reptiles and birds.
Where did ISPP build their hut?
Cape Evans
What transport did ISPP use?
Ponies + motor sledges (dogs for support).
* Eventually sent dogs back and manhauled.
How many days of bad weather did ISPP allow?
4 total
From which depot and how far were the ISPP stopped by a blizzard?
18km short of One Ton Depot
Over how many days did ISPP collect how many kilograms of rocks?
16kg over 2 days
What were Scott’s scientific findings from second expedition?
- 2109 animal specimens (401 new)
2. Climate data, meteorites, Emperor Penguin Eggs
What was the name of Roald Amundsen’s ship?
Fram (forward)
How many days of bad weather did Admundsen allow?
1 in 4
Where was Admundsen’s base located (compare this to Scott’s)?
Bay of Whales (97km closer to pole than Cape Evans).
What did Admundsen name the plain at the South Pole?
King Haakan VII’s Plateau
Compare Admundsens race to Scott’s in terms of transport, daily travel, supplies, days taken to reach pole.
- Used only and much more dogs (and skis)
- Travelled more distance daily
- More supplies
- Reached pole almost twice as fast
