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zoolec > Lec2: Biomolecules > Flashcards

Lec2: Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two major classes of biomolecules in the human body?

A

inorganic and organic compounds

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2
Q

common organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

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3
Q

common inorganic compounds

A

water, salts, acids and bases

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4
Q

how much body weight does water constitute?

A

2/3

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5
Q

what is the most abundant inorganic compound in the human body

A

water

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6
Q

water has a high heat capacity which means it absorbs and releases large amount of heat before its _____ changes

A

temperature

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7
Q

water is considered a universal solvent due to its?

A

polarity

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8
Q

water has a cushioning property which means that it can serve as a?

A

protective substance

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9
Q

Amount of heat that must be absorbed/lost for one gram of a substance to change its
temperature by 1oC (buffers the Earth’s Temperature)

A

high specific heat

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10
Q

Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb 1 gram to be converted to gaseous state

A

high heat of vaporization

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11
Q

what is the high specific heat of water

A

1 calorie/g/1oC

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12
Q

high heat of vaporization of water

A

540 cal/g

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13
Q

how much does water expand when it freezes?

A

approximately 9%

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14
Q

which metals found in the body contain the most salt?

A

calcium and phosphorus (bones and teeth)

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15
Q

the process by which salt (ionic compound) when dissolved in body fluids, easily separate into their own ions

A

dissociation

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16
Q

these are substances that conduct an electrical current in solution

A

electrolytes

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17
Q

which ions are essential to nerve impluse?

A

sodium and potassium

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18
Q

Fe forms part of the _______ that transport oxygen in the RBC

A

hemoglobin molecule

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19
Q

three main characteristics of an acid

A
  • releases hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable
    amounts (dissolve in water);
  • sour taste;
  • proton donors
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20
Q

Acids that liberate their protons

A

strong acids

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21
Q

Acids that ionize incompletely

A

weak acids

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22
Q

three main characteristics of a base

A
  • bitter taste
  • slippery texture
  • proton acceptors
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23
Q

it is an avid proton seeker and any base containing this ion is considered STRONG BASE

A

hydroxyl ion

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24
Q

who devised the pH scale in 1909?

A

Sörensen

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25
Q

the pH scale is based on the number of
______ in solution expressed in terms
of moles per liter

A

proton

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26
Q

the number of hydrogen ions exactly equals the number of hydroxyl ions

A

pH 7 (neutral)

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27
Q

there are chemicals that help regulate the acid-base balance along with the kidney and lungs

A

buffers

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28
Q

depression of central nervous system

A

acidosis

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29
Q

Hyperexcitability of the nervous system

A

Alkalosis

30
Q

these are formed by polymerization of identical/similar subunits called Polymers

A

macromolecules

31
Q

what are the four classes of macromolecules?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
32
Q

the are organic molecules made up of sugars and their polymers (C, H, O)

A

carbohydrates

33
Q

this monosaccharide is the universal cellular fuel

A

glucose

34
Q

these monosaccharides form a part of the nucleic acids

A

ribose and deoxyribose

35
Q

disaccharides are double sugars formed by the combination of 2 monosaccharides through?

A

dehydration process

36
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

maltose, lactose, sucrose

37
Q

these are formed by hundreds of polymers or thousands of monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

38
Q

storage polysaccharide found in plant

A

starch

39
Q

storage polysaccharide found in animals

A

glycogen

40
Q

these are structural polysaccharides

A

chitin and cellulose

41
Q

Enter in the body via fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk products and oils

A

lipids

42
Q

lipids are soluble in ______ and insoluble in _____

A

non-polar solvents; water

43
Q

lipids are made up of 3 principal groups:

A
  • neutral fats
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
44
Q

functions of lipids:

A

▪ Energy storage
▪ Compact fuel reservoir
▪ Cushions vital organ
▪ Insulates against heat loss

45
Q

these are composed of fatty acids and glycerol

A

neutral fats

46
Q

very similar nuetral fats but it has glycerol backbone attached to only 2 fatty acid tails + (PO4-) group attached

A

phospholipids

47
Q

phospholipids form ______ at cell surface

A

lipid bilayer

48
Q

flat molecules formed of 4 interlocking rings

A

steroids

49
Q

single most important steroid which enters in the body by consuming meat, eggs and cheese

A

cholesterol

50
Q

deposit of fatty substances in artery walls of the heart

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

51
Q

defined as a complex polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

A

proteins

52
Q

proteins account for almost ____ of cellular dry weight

A

50%

53
Q

proteins are commonly made of only _______

A

20 amino acid monomers (building block)

54
Q

what are the 2 classifications of proteins?

A

Fibrous/Structural protein and Globular/functional protein

55
Q

these proteins are important in binding structures together and for providing strength in certain tissues

A

fibrous/structural proteins

56
Q

mobile, generally spherical molecules that play crucial roles in all biological processes

A

globular/functional proteins

57
Q

Highly specialized protein that recognize, bind, and inactivate bacteria, toxins,
and some viruses

A

antibodies

58
Q

Regulate growth and development (GROWTH HORMONE, INSULIN, NERVE GROWTH FACTOR)

A

hormones

59
Q

Hemoglobin transport blood; carry cholesterol

A

transport protein

60
Q

Essential to virtually all biochemical reactions in the body to hasten the process by millionfold

A

catalyst (enzymes)

61
Q

what are three main types of amino acids?

A
  • essential amino acids
  • nonessential amino acids
  • conditional amino acids
62
Q

these are amino acids that cannot be produced by the body and are usually taken in diet

A

essential amino acids

63
Q

amino acids produced by the body

A

nonessential amino acids

64
Q

usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress

A

conditional amino acids

65
Q

amino acid chains containing fewer than 50 units

A

polypeptide chains

66
Q

specific and unique AA sequence

A

primary structure of protein

67
Q

regular, repeated folding of a protein’s polypeptide helical structure (alpha helix) or sheet structure

A

secondary structure of protein

68
Q

sheets often form fibers that have structural function; helical structures tend to have globular form

A

tertiary structure of protein

69
Q

polymer of nucleotides; make up the genes which provide the blueprint of life; consists
of C, O, H, N, P

A

nucleic acids

70
Q

building blocks of nucleic acid

A

nucleotide

71
Q

this is the genetic material inside the nucleus

A

DNA

72
Q

RNA exists in three forms:

A

messenger, ribosomal, transfer

zoolec (2 decks)

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