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Antibiotics > Lec2 > Flashcards

Lec2 Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

A

1.Macrolides
2.clindamycin
3.tetracyclin
4.aminoglycosides

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2
Q

Macrolides examples

A

1.Erythromycin 2.clarithromycin 3.Azithromycin

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3
Q

Macrolides mechanism of action

A

Bacteriostatic
Inhibit 50s ribosome subunit -> lead to misreading of mRNA->Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

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4
Q

Macrolides root of administration

A

Oral

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5
Q

Erythromycin distributes well to all body fluid except…….

A

CSF

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6
Q

Root of excretion for erythromycin and azithromycin

A

In the Bile as active drugs

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7
Q

Erythromycin may used as a replacement for penicillin why?

A

It’s used for patient who have penicillin allergy Cuz It’s effective against many of the same organisms as penicillin

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8
Q

When does the erythromycin is used?

A

In gastroparesis cuz it promotes gastric emptying

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9
Q

Drug has the same effect as erythromycin and also effective against haemophilus influenza

A

Clarithromycin

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10
Q

Proffered therapy for urethritis caused by chlamydia trachomatis

A

Azithromycin

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11
Q

Adverse drug reactions of macrolides

A

-GIT upset nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain & diarrhoea
-ototoxicity: associated with erythromycin, especially at high dose

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12
Q

Contraindications of macrolides

A

It can accumulate in the liver in the patient who have hepatic failure

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13
Q

Drug to drug interaction of macrolides

A
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14
Q

Clindamycin mechanism of action

A

Same as macrolides

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15
Q

Root of administration of clindamycin

A

IV & oral-limited by gastrointestinal tolerance-

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16
Q

Distribution of clindamycin drugs in the body

A

Well in all body fluid and boon, poor entry into the CSF

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17
Q

Clindamycin root of excretion

A

Bile

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18
Q

Accommodated clindamycin occur in

A

Severe renal impairment or hepatic failure

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19
Q

Clindamycin used against….

A

Gram positive organisms, including MRSA and streptococcus, and anaerobic bacteria

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20
Q

Adverse drug reactions to clindamycin

A

1.Skin rashes
2 Diarrhea, which may represent a serious pseudomembranous colitis caused by overgrowth of C. difficile.

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21
Q

C. Difficile treatment

A

Oral vancomycin

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22
Q

Tetracyclines examples

A

Doxycycline or tetracycline

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23
Q

Mechanism of action

A

It has the same effect as macrolides but it bind to the 30s subunit of bacterial ribosome not the 50s subunit

24
Q

Root of administration of tetracycline

A

Oral

25
Q

Distribution of tetracycline antibiotics

A

Penetration into most body fluids is adequate , cross the
placental barrier and concentrate in fetal bones and teeth

26
Q

Root of elimination of tetracyclines antibiotics

A

Primarily in urine but doxycycline eliminated via the bile

27
Q

Which drug is preferred in tetracycline for renally compromised patients

A

Doxycycline (excretion via bile into the feces)

28
Q

Adverse drug effects of tetracyclines

A

Gastric discomfort -commonly via irritation of the gastric mucosa.
Phototoxicity -if exposed to ultraviolet rayes
Vestibular dysfunction -dizziness,vertigo and tinnitus

29
Q

Contraindications of tetracycline antibiotics

A

Don’t se if
-pregnant
-breast-feeding Women
-less than 8 years of age

30
Q

Aminoglycoside examples

A

Streptomycin, amikacin or gentamicin

31
Q

Mechanism of action for Aminoglycosides

A

Same as tetracycline

32
Q

Root of administration of Aminoglycosides

A

IV or IM

33
Q

Distribution of Aminoglycosides in the body

A

Poor penetration to CSF also it has a good entry to inflamed tissues

34
Q

Root of excretion

A

Via glomerular filtration

35
Q

Adverse drug effect for Aminoglycosides

A

Nephrotoxicity
ototoxicity (due to auditory or vestibular nerve damage)

36
Q

Drug to drug interactions for Aminoglycosides

A

Ototoxicity is enhanced by loop diuretics(e.g.furosemide)

37
Q

Drugs that inhibit bacterial nucleic acid synthesis

A
  1. Quinolones
  2. Rifampcin
38
Q

Quinolones examples

A

Levofloxacin
ciprofloxacin

39
Q

Mechanism of action of quinolones

A

Bactericidal
Inhibit DNA gyrase (bacterial topoisomerarse||)-> relaxation of supercoiled DNA(promoting DNA strand breakage) -> inhibit bacterial nucleic acid synthesis

40
Q

DNA gyrase

A

DNA gyrase : preserve the state of supercoiling in replicating and non-replicating bacterial chromosomes )

41
Q

Distribution of quinolones drug in the body

A

Distribute well in all body fluids and tissues

42
Q

Root of excretion for quinolones

A

Renally (dosage adjustment is needed in cases of renal failure)

43
Q

Adverse drug effect for quinolones

A

-Phototoxicity (if exposed to uv)
-Tendinitis or tendon rupture

44
Q

Drug to drug interactions for quinolones

A

Inhibit hepatic drug metabolism & prolong action of theophylline and warfarin

45
Q

Rifampcin mechanism of action

A

Bactericidal
Inhibit the DNA-dependant RNA polymerase of mycobacterium TB-> prevent transcription of DAN into mRNA

46
Q

Why rifampicin has no effect in some of the mycobacteriumTB

A

The mycobacterium TB become resistant to the drug because of a mutation in it’s DNA-dependant RNA polymerase gene

47
Q

Root of administration for Rifampicin

A

Oral

48
Q

Distribution of

A
49
Q

Distribution of the rifampicin in the body

A

Widely distributed to all body fluids and organs(including the CSF)

50
Q

Potent liver enzymes inducer

A

Rifampicin

51
Q

Root of elimination

A

Primarily through the bile and into the feces
a small percentage is cleared in the urine

52
Q

Adverse drug effect of rifampicin

A

-Red-orange secretions ( tears – urine -….) -Thrombocytopenia
-Hepatotoxicity (Hepatitis)

53
Q

Drug to drug interactions of rifampicin

A

Hepatic enzyme inducer: increase metabolism of warfarin,
phenytoin, oral contraceptive pills

54
Q

Antibiotics antagonism

A

indicates that decreased anti-microbial effect of a drug when combined with another, leading to decreased response

55
Q

Mechanisms of antagonism include:

A

-Decreased bactericidal activity by bacteristatic agent e.g. tetracycline and Penicillins
-Increased enzymatic inactivation e.g. ampicillin decrease pipracillin activity

56
Q

Rule of right (5 Rs)

A

1.right drug
2. Right dose
3. Right route
4. Right time (interval and duration)
5. Right patient

Antibiotics (3 decks)

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