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Antibiotics > Lec1 > Flashcards

Lec1 Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial Spectrum types and examples

A

Narrow spectrum e.g. isoniazid against mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Broad spectrum e.g. tetracycline, flouroquinolones, carbapenems.
Extended spectrum e.g.Ampicillin against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria

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2
Q

What is preferred among the drug spectrums

A

Usually narrow spectrum is preferred though it target a specific pathogen.
Some times the board spectrum drugs is preferred if the pathogen is not yet identified.

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3
Q

Bactericidal

A

Able to kill bacteria

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4
Q

What does the bactericidal do? Give an example

A

Block activities that are essential for bacterial survival E.g., Penicillins

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5
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Able to slow the growth of bacteria but does not kill them

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6
Q

What does bacteriostatic drug do? Give an example

A

Inhibit a metabolic reaction needed for bacterial growth but is not necessary for survival. E.g., Tetracyclines

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7
Q

Concentration-dependent drug example

A

Aminoglycosides

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8
Q

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

is the lowest antimicrobial concentration that prevents visible growth of an organism after 24 hours of incubation.

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9
Q

Time-dependent effect drug associated with ………………..example ………………..

A

1drugs inhibiting cell wall
2β-lactams

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10
Q

Post antibiotic effect (PAE)

A

The PAE is a persistent suppression of microbial growth that occurs after levels of antibiotic have fallen below the MIC

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11
Q

Antimicrobial drugs exhibiting a long PAE example

A

aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones

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12
Q

Drugs that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis:

A

β-Lactam Antibiotics

Glycopeptide Antibiotics

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13
Q

β-Lactam Antibiotics(Camp)

A

[1]Penicillins, [2]Cephalosporins,
[3]Monobactams, [4]Carbapenems

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14
Q

Glycopeptide Antibiotics:

A

[1] Vancomycin, [2] Bacitracin

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15
Q

Drugs that Inhibit Bacterial Protein synthesis:(MCAT)

A

[1] Macrolides, [2] Clindamycin, [3] Tetracyclines, [4] Aminoglycosides

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16
Q

Drugs that Inhibit Bacterial Nucleic Acid Synthesis:

A

[1] Quinolones, [2] Rifampicin

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17
Q

The difference between Beta Lactam antibiotics and non beta Lactam antibiotics

A

Beta Lactam antibiotics contains beta Lactam ring others not
Beta Lactam antibiotics are very powerful but the other is less powerful

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18
Q

Penicillins Mechanism of action

A

Bactericidal
They inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing the formation of peptidoglycan in actively multiplying bacteria → inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

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19
Q

Penicillin-binding proteins

A

enzymes involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis

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20
Q

Peptidoglycans

A

are polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall

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21
Q

Penicillin is given

A

orally , IV, or IM

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22
Q

Penicillin have poor entry to………..

A

Ce rebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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23
Q

Penicillin Dose reduction is necessary in……………..

A

severe renal failure

24
Q

Penicillin Adverse drug reactions (DIC)

A

1.Immediate hypersensitivity(0.05%) urticaria-to-life threatening anaphylactic response.
2.delayed hypersensitivity (0.5%) manly as rashes.
3.Diarrhoea
4.CNS irritation & seizures(by high doses or renal failure)

25
Q

Penicillin Drug–drug interactions (TAP)

A

1.Aminoglycosides produce synergism with penicillins (not
combine in same syringe)

2.Tetracyclines reduce bactericidal effects of penicillins

3.Probenicid decrease excretion and prolong duration of
penicillins

26
Q

Cephalosporins Mechanism of action

A

Bactericidal their mechanism of action is
like penicillins

27
Q

Ce phalosporins The Concept of Generations

A

As the generation increases the resentence increases.

28
Q

Cephalosporins route of administration

A

IV or IM

29
Q

Cephalosporins drug that is used in meningitis and why

A

Cefotaxime is used cuz of adequate CSF penetration to treat meningitis)

30
Q

Cephalosporin route of excretion

A

Primary rout is kidney

31
Q

Cephalosporins Adverse drug reactions

A

1Hypersensitivity reaction; rash, fever, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis
2Cephalosporins should be avoided or used with caution in individuals with penicillin allergy.
A small proportion (0.5 - 6.5%) of patients with an IgE medicated penicillin allergy will also be allergic to cephalosporins
3Increase risk of bleeding ( thrombocytopenia )
4Diarrhoea and dizziness

32
Q

Cephalosporins Drug – drug interactions 🐄

A

With Aminoglycosides: increased risk of nephrotoxicity
With Warfarin: increased risk of bleeding

33
Q

β-Lactam: Monobactams example 👨‍🚀

A

Aztreonam

34
Q

Monobactams Mechanism of action

A

Bactericidal like penicillins
Against gram-negative pathogens, including H.influenzae and P. aeruginosa ,It lacks activity against gram positive organisms and anaerobes

35
Q

administration route of Monobactams

A

IV OR IM

36
Q

Monobactams can accumulate in patients with………………

A

renal failure (relatively nontoxic)

37
Q

Monobactams Adverse drug reactions

A

Phlebitis, skin rash and, sometimes, abnormal liver function tests

38
Q

Monobactams drugs are safe alternatives for treating patients who are allergic to other penicillins, cephalosporins, or carbapenems, why?

A

Cuz it Has a low immunogenic potential, and it shows little cross-reactivity with antibodies induced by other β-lactams.

39
Q

β-Lactam : Carbapenems example 📢🚗

A

Example: Imipenem, Meropenem

40
Q

Carbapenems Mechanism of action & spectrum

A

Bactericidal mechanism of action like penicillins
Extremely broad spectrum: including aerobic and
Anaerobic G+ve and G-ve microorganisms: used in
multi-drug resistant nosocomial infections

41
Q

Carbapenems Adverse drug reactions

A

In addition to the side effects of all penicillin-like drugs, imipenem does lower seizure threshold

42
Q

Vancomycin mechanism of action

A

Glycopeptide Antibiotic, Bactericidal, inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall phospholipids as well as peptidoglycan polymerization (targeting the end of peptidoglycan) → inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

43
Q

Dose of vancomycin is adjusted based on…………….

A

renal function and serum trough levels

44
Q

Vancomycin route of administration

A

IV

45
Q

Vancomycin Oral administration is limited to….

A

treatment of severe antibiotic associated Clostridioides difficile colitis

46
Q

Vancomycin Normal Half life

A

6-10 hours

47
Q

Vancomycin IV infusion time

A

60 to 90 min

48
Q

Vancomycin therapeutic uses

A

-treatment of life-threatening MRSA Infections
-Used in case of prosthetic heart valves, especially in those hospitals wherethere are high rates of MRSA

49
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

50
Q

Vancomycin adverse drug reaction (HARD)

A

§ Hypotension
§ Red man syndrome (histamine release by rapid infusion)
§ Dose-related ototoxicity & nephrotoxicity

51
Q

Vancomycin Drug – drug interactions

A

With aminoglycosides: increased nephrotoxicity& ototoxicity

52
Q

Bacteriacin mechanism of action

A

Glycopeptide Antibiotics § Bactericidal § Bacitracin interrupts the flow of peptidoglycan precursors to the site of cell-wall synthesis, weakening the cell wall and eventually leading to bacterial death→ inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.

53
Q

Bacteriacin active against ……………….

A

Many gram-positive organisms

54
Q

Bactericin Route of administration and why

A

Used topically, coz if used systemically it’s toxic

55
Q

Why Bacteriacin is used?

A

It’s mostly used for the prevention of skin infections after burns or minor scrapes

56
Q

Bacteriacin is used in combination with……………… and used as …………… for ………….. in…………….

A

Polymixin and neomycin
Topical ointment
Mixed bacterial infections
Skin eye and ear

57
Q

Polymixin

A

Bactericidal,active against gram- negative bacteria

Antibiotics (3 decks)

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