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Endocrinology > Lec1 Intro to Endo System > Flashcards

Lec1 Intro to Endo System Flashcards

- Comparison of nervous and endocrine systems - Definition of a hormone - Gross anatomy of the endocrine system - Mechanisms of hormone action - Characteristics of hormones - Control of the endocrine system

1
Q

What is needed for communication to occur?

A

Two cells are required for communication to occur

One cell has to release a chemical transmitter to influence the activity of the other

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2
Q

The nervous system

A

allows very rapid, focused and precise communication between individual cells

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3
Q

The endocrine system

A

uses the cardiovascular system to transport the hormone

and allows very slow, sustained communication between groups of cells

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4
Q

The endocrine system is a system of:

A

DUCTLESS glands which secrete chemical messengers (HORMONES) into the blood

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5
Q

Hormones act on

A

cells possessing the appropriate hormone receptors - i.e. target tissues. Each hormone may act on several target tissues

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6
Q

Name the endocrine glands of the body

A 
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Ovary 
Testis
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7
Q

The pituitary gland

A

is the most important - it communicates with the hypothalamus

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8
Q

The pituitary gland is situated:

A

below the brain, encased in skull

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9
Q

The pituitary gland controls the activity of:

A

the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries and testes

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10
Q

The stalk of the pituitary gland is known as:

A

infundibulum

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11
Q

The anterior pituitary gland stores and secretes:

A

Corticotrophin/ Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Prolactin
Thyrotrophin/ Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

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12
Q

The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes:

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin

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13
Q

The thyroid and parathyroid glands are situated:

A

in the neck

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14
Q

The thyroid and parathyroid glands are important in the control of:

A

metabolic rate and calcium homeostasis

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15
Q

The exocrine function of the pancreas:

A

secretes digestive enzymes directly into the GI tract

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16
Q

The endocrine function of the pancreas

A

is ductless and secretes INSULIN and GLUCAGON into the blood

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17
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

To regulate blood glucose concentrations and glucose utilisation

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18
Q

Where are the adrenal glands situated?

A

they lie on top of the kidneys

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19
Q

The adrenal glands are divided into?

A

The MEDULLA and CORTEX

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20
Q

The medulla of the adrenal glands is involved in?

A

the stress response

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21
Q

The cortex of the adrenal glands is involved in?

A

stress, sodium and glucose homeostasis

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22
Q

The gonads - ovaries or testes

A

secrete the female and male reproductive hormones

23
Q

The male and female reproductive hormones are responsible for:

A

the development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproduction

24
Q

How do hormones produce their effects?

A

by interacting with specific receptors - intracellular or membrane bound - in the target tissues

25
Q

What are the major types of receptors?

A

Steroid hormone receptors
G-protein coupled receptors
Tyrosine Kinase receptors

26
Q

Steroid hormone receptors are

A

cytoplasmic or nuclear

27
Q

The steroid hormone receptor complex binds to:

A

hormone-response element of the DNA to influence gene transcription
the receptor may be constitutively active

28
Q

When a hormone binds to G-protein coupled receptors

A

it causes synthesis of a second messenger

29
Q

Give examples of second messengers

A

Inositol trisphosphate

Cyclic AMP

30
Q

What do the second messengers do?

A

They phosphorylate intracellular, regulatory proteins to influence the cellular activity e.g. smooth muscle contraction

31
Q

Activation of IP3 leads to:

A

smooth muscle contraction e.g. oxytocin

32
Q

Production of cAMP leads to:

A

smooth muscle relaxation e.g. adrenaline causing bronchodilation

33
Q

Giving IV oxytocin would cause:

A

Uterine contractions in a female within seconds

34
Q

A tyrosine kinase receptor is a

A

membrane bound enzyme which is a single strand of protein

35
Q

Often, in order for hormone action to occur at TyK receptors

A

two receptors must be present

dimerised receptor

36
Q

What happens when one hormone molecule binds to each receptor?

A

The receptor then acts as an enzyme to phosphorylate the tyrosine components of intracellular, regulatory proteins

37
Q

TyK receptors are involved with:

A

growth and development and have a very slow effect

38
Q

Insulin acts via:

A

TyK receptors and lowers blood sugar within 15 mins

39
Q

What are the two broad classes of hormones?

A

Peptide hormones

Steroid & Thyroid hormones

40
Q

Peptide hormones are:

A 
highly water soluble
susceptible to protease attack
unable to cross cell membrane without a carrier protein
act on membrane bound receptors 
not orally active 
short plasma life 
short duration of action
41
Q

Steroid & Thyroid hormones are:

A

highly lipid soluble
poorly water soluble
able to cross cell membrane and act on intracellular receptors
Orally active
Long plasma half life
Long duration of action
Must be transported in blood bound to plasma protein - dangerous if not because it travels in clumps
only unbound hormone is biologically active

42
Q

Secretion of a hormone by a given gland is typically but not always controlled by:

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

43
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes:

A

Stimulating or Trophic hormones

44
Q

Stimulating hormones

A

stimulate secretion of a hormone

45
Q

Trophic hormones

A

cause the growth of a gland

46
Q

The secretion of a hormone by the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by:

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

The hypothalamus secretes:

A

Releasing hormones

48
Q

Name the releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

A

Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

49
Q

The thyroid hormone decreases secretion of:

A

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

50
Q

Cortisol acts to decrease secretion of:

A 
Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
51
Q

Oestrogen acts to decrease secretion of:

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

52
Q

A common consequence of negative feedback is:

A

cyclical variation e.g. diurnal variation of cortisol secretion

53
Q

What is a portal system?

A

a blood vessel directly linking two organs/structures

Endocrinology (11 decks)

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