Lec1 Flashcards
book that describes materials used in medical practice
pharmacopeial compendium
who wrote first european pharmacopeial compendium describing beliefs and practices of ancient engyptian medicine in 1550s
Ebers Papyrus
who described the death of socrates from poison hemlock in 350 - i.e. described toxicities of botanical materials
plato
what did these toxic plants contain
coniine
who in 1st century AD wrote 5-volume de materia medica (pharmacopeia describing therapeutic substances used for 1500 years)
dioscorides
what is the source of morphine and other alkoloids
opium poppy
who was the father of modern medicine
hippocrates
what is the humoral theory of diseases
relationship bn humours, elements, qualities, temperaments and organs that they’re associated with that explains cause of disease from an imbalance in humours
what are humours
blood
phlegm
yellow bile
black bile
who introduced the humoral therory of disease and who expanded it
hippocrates 5th c BC then Galen 2nd c AD
who linked humours to elements
galen
who proposed the solidist theory (doesnt reject humoral but realized something else was important)
hoffman
what did the 18th c solidist theory of disease do
rationalize drug treatment based on sedative bs stimulant properties
what are the 5 european advances in the 16th c
apothecaries for drug formulation pharmacopeias dose-dependence of drug effects paracelsus contributions (physician) alternatives to humoral theory
how are homeopathy and galens idea different
homeopathy - use drug that causes symptoms like those observed w the disease
galen counteracted the imbalances of the disease with drugs
who founded homeopathy in 1700s
hahneman
who had a theory of miasms as cause of disease
hahneman
benefit of homeopathies?
didnt cause side effects like blood-letting, purging, blistering bc it was basically a placebo
how was homeopathy basically a placebo
bc used a dilute drug solution many-fold prior to administration
late 18th c originated clinical pharm where
administered drugs to groups of human subjects and documented the effects
what did william withering, MD study
the differing formulations of foxglove for dropsy (heart failure)
who’s clinical trial was considered the first bc it was published
william withering
who studed the efficacy of 6-acid containing substances on recovery from scurvy in british naval seamen
james lind
what helped recovery from scurvy
citrus fruit like lime (ascorbic acid)
what did 19th c achievements in chemistry lead to
isolation of active drug from botanical sources
who isolated morphine from opium in 1806
serturner
mid 19th c provided
tools for analysis of drug effects and their mechanisms
who was the first to demonstrate and explain how a drug produces its action in the body
professor claude bernard
what did bernard use to explore physiologic phenomenon
botanical poisons as tools
what effect does curare have
paralytic
bernard concluded that the target site of curare is the
neuromuscular junction
what does curare act on
nicotinic ACH receptor to cause skeletal musle paralysis
first lab of pharmacology (mid 1800s)
rudolf buchheims home
Father of American Pharmacology is
but the Father of Modern Pharmacology is
american - Dr Abel
modern - Dr. Schmiedeberg
what did schmiederberg discover (2 things)
- muscarine from amanita muscaria mimicked the effects of vagal (decr hr) nerve stimulation on HR
- belladonna (atropine) blocked effects of muscarine and vagal nerve stimulation on HR
schmiedeberg concluded that the target site of muscarine is the
cardiac site where vagus terminates
who founded ASPET and its journal JPET
Dr. abel
what did Abel isolate
epinephrine
who opened research labs in US around the founding of the FDA
patent medicine manufacturers
who ushered in era of chemo and made concept of receptors
ehrlich
who discovered penicillin-producing mold in 1928
sir alexander fleming
who made the 1st synthetic agent effective as an antibiotic drug
gerhard domagk
