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MT6321 > [LEC] UNIT 7 SECTIONING > Flashcards

[LEC] UNIT 7 SECTIONING Flashcards

1
Q

Process whereby tissues are cut into uniformly thin slices or “sections” w/ the aid of a machine to facilitate the studies under the microscope

A

Sectioning/Microtomy

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2
Q

Important device in microscopy

A

Microtome

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3
Q

Sectioning instrument that allows for the cutting of extremely thin slices of material called sections.

A

Microtome

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4
Q

Transparency of the tissue in the microscope is affected by 2 factors:

A
  • how good sectioning is
  • how good the clearing agent is
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5
Q

thin slices of tissue (4-15μ) thick

A

Sections

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6
Q

WHat are the general types of tissue sections?

A

Paraffin section
Celloidin section
Frozen section

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7
Q

What type of tissue section uses rocking and rotary microtomes?

A

Paraffin sections

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8
Q

What type of tissue section uses a sliding microtome

A

Celloidin section

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9
Q

cut from tissues that have been fixed and frozen w/ CO2 or for fresh or fixed tissues frozen w/ the cryostat

A

Frozen sections

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10
Q

The bone should be decalcified with _____?

A

EDTA (decalcifying agent)

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11
Q

T/F: In frozen section, fixation and embedding are happening at the same time

A

True

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12
Q

Unit of measurement for the thickness of sections

A

Micron (μ)

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13
Q

1/1000th of a millimeter / (1/25 000th of an inch)

A

Micron (µ)

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14
Q

Use steel, glass, or diamond blades depending upon the specimen being sliced and the desired thickness of the section being cut

A

Microtome knives

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15
Q

Materials of microtome knives are usually made of?

A

■ Standard Steel blades / Disposable steel blades (most common)
■ Glass knife (for electron microscopy; sophisticated tissue processing)
■ Industrial grade diamond knife

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16
Q

Microtome knife for electron microscopy?

A

Glass knife

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17
Q

Most common microtome knife?

A

Standard Steel blades / Disposable steel blades

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18
Q

Wax is REMOVED with a sharp knife (cutter knife / kitchen knife) until about 4-60 mm remains on all sides of the tissue (depending on the tissue)

A

Block Trimming

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19
Q

T/F: ONLY small flakes of wax should be trimmed at a time

A

TRUE

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20
Q

done at approximately 30 mm at a time until tissue SURFACE IS EXPOSED

A

Coarse Trimming/Facing

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21
Q

set thickness adjuster at 15 mm or advancing the block using the coarse feed mechanism

A

Fine Trimming

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22
Q

surface block is trimmed away until the entire tissue surface has been partly exposed

A

Fine Trimming

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23
Q

Biconcave, Plano- concave, Wedge, Chisel-shaped

What are these?

A

Microtome knife profiles

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24
Q

Action of sharpening a knife by grinding cutting edge, either on a stone or with an abrasive compound

A

Honing

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25
Q

Process of polishing the cutting edge of
the knife on leather or canvas

A

Stropping

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26
Q

The straight line formed by intersection of 2 planes, the cutting facets

A

Cutting edge

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27
Q

the ribbons produced are returned by the pathologist due to presence of ridges, lines and scratches, but this is solved by _________?

A

adjusting the angles in the microtome

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28
Q

AKA Facet angle, Cutting angle

A

Bevel Angle

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29
Q

What type of knife angle is this?

27° to 32°

A

bevel angle

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30
Q

What type of knife angle is this?

15°

A

wedge angle

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31
Q

What type of knife angle is this?

5° to 10°

A

clearance angle

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32
Q

What type of knife angle is this?

Opposite of the clearance angle

A

Rake angle

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33
Q

The lower the angle, the ________ the section

A

the thinner

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34
Q

higher the angle, the tissue is more _________ with its pointy motion

A

scraped

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35
Q

Positive angle or Negative angle?

results in cutting action

A

positive angle

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36
Q

Positive angle or Negative angle?

results in scraping action

A

negative angle

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37
Q

What knife angle is this?

Angle formed between the CUTTING EDGE (PLANES) of the microtome

A

Bevel Angle

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38
Q

T/F: The BIGGER the bevel angle, the sharper the knife.

A

F.
The smaller.

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39
Q

T/F: Too small bevel angle permits elastic distortion of the edge

A

T.

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40
Q

What is the recommended width of the two facets on the cutting edge of the knife?

A

0.1 to about 0.6mm
(this is under bevel angle na bullet :D)

41
Q

What knife angle is this?

The angle between the sides of the knives

A

Wedge

42
Q

What knife angle is this?

Angle formed between the surface of the block and the cutting facet of the knife

A

Clearance angle

43
Q

What knife angle is this?

Ensures only the cutting edge of the knife touches the specimen block

A

Clearance angle

44
Q

T/F: Too much clearance causes knife chatter

A

T

45
Q

What knife angle is this?

Angle between upper surface of the cutting facet and the surface of the block

A

Rake Angle

46
Q

The __________ angle prevents contact between the knife facet and the face of the block

a. rake
b. bevel
c. clearance
d. wedge

A

c. clearance

47
Q

T/F: The angle of the knife can be adjusted in the microtome, same with the cutting face

A

T.

48
Q

blade passes through the mucosa last

a. skin
b. intestine
c. cervix

A

b. intestine

49
Q

blade passes through the epidermis last

a. skin
b. intestine
c. cervix

A

a. skin

50
Q

present a point of dense tissue to the blade rather than a straight edge

a. skin
b. intestine
c. cervix

A

c. cervix

51
Q

What knife profile is this? (Profile A-D)

Plano concave

A

Profile B

52
Q

What knife profile is this? (Profile A-D)

Plane shaped

A

Profile D

53
Q

What knife profile is this? (Profile A-D)

Wedge shaped

A

Profile C

54
Q

What knife profile is this? (Profile A-D)

Strongly plano concave/biconcave

A

Profile A

55
Q

What knife design and cut types?

Extremely sharp, but are also very delicate and are therefore only used with soft samples.

A

Planar Concave

56
Q

What knife design and cut types?

With its blunt edge, raises the stability of the knife, whilst requiring significantly more force to achieve the cut

A

Chisel Profile

57
Q

What knife design and cut types?

More stable and fine use in moderately hard materials, such as in epoxy or cryogenic sample cutting

A

Wedge Profile Knives

58
Q

T/F: Profiles C and D produces the sharpest edge

A

F.
Profiles A and B

59
Q

used on sliding, rotary, and rocking microtomes

A

Profile A: Plano-concave knife profile

60
Q

Lesser concavity is for what section?

A

for celloidin sections

61
Q

More concave is for what section?

A

for parafiin sections

62
Q

T/F: using a plano concave knife in a rotary microtome can form ribbons

A

F.
It cannot form ribbons

63
Q

What knife profile is this?

  • less rigid
  • prone to vibration
  • classify knife shape with concavity on both sides
A

Profile B: Biconcave knife profile

64
Q

What knife profile is this?

recommended for cutting paraffin embedded section on a rotary microtome

A

Profile B: Biconcave knife profile

65
Q

Profile B: Biconcave knife profile is introduced by H________?

A

Heifflor

66
Q

T/F: Profile B: Biconcave knife profile is used for celloidin

A

F.
Not for celloidin, ideally for softer embedding media

67
Q

What knife profile is this?

Used in all types of microtomes to cut all types of tissues (i.e. freezing, rotary, and rocking microtomes

A

Profile C: Wedge knife profile

68
Q

What knife profile is this?

  • Both cutting surfaces are plane or flat
  • Known as the standard knife profile
  • More rigid knife than Profiles A and B
A

Profile C: Wedge knife profile

69
Q

What knife profile is this?

Most commonly utilized steel knife for routine histopathology

A

Profile C: Wedge knife profile

70
Q

What knife profile is this?

Used for sectioning FFPE tissues

A

Profile C: Wedge knife profile

71
Q

Yes/No: In troubleshooting thick sections, you adjust the thickness and increase the clearance angle.

A

No - Clearance angle is lowered

72
Q

What causes defect in blade egde, calcium, bone or hard material in the specimen?

A

Vertical Scratches

73
Q

T/F: Vertical scratches are usually caused by knife havings NICKS.

A

True

74
Q

T/F: Vertical scratches are usually caused by knife havings NICKS.

A

True

75
Q

What are the causes of holes in a tissue section?

A
  1. Blocked is faced too aggressively
  2. Specimen is excessively dehydrated or improperly processed
76
Q

How to prevent holes in tissue section?

A

Chill the block with ice before cutting & discard ribbons untile hole disappear

77
Q

This commonly occurs in very hard tissues like uterus

A

Washboarding or Undulation

78
Q

In washboarding or undulation in tissue section there is presence of _______ lines?

A

Horizontol (“Blinds”)

79
Q

Blinds are caused by too high or too low clearance angle?

A

Too HIGH

80
Q

How to prevent Washboarding or Undulation?

A

Proper clamping of blade and block

Ensure the block holder shaft is not over extended

Ensure the microtome is in good working order

Decrease the blade tilt

81
Q

Occur when block holder is not paraller to the blade or “Slanted”

A

Block face Unevenly Sectioned

82
Q

T/F: In preventing Block face, ensure at the end of sectioning, block holder is adjusted, so that block face & blade are perfectly parallel.

A

False — At the beginning of sectioning

83
Q

This results when lower block edge is not parallel to the knife edge

A

Crooked Ribbons

84
Q

Failure of ribbon to form is commonly caused by?

A

Dull blade

85
Q

What to do if ribbons doesn’t form?

A

Paraffin with lower melting point

Decrease blade tilt

Change room temp

86
Q

This promotes adhesion of sections

A

Adhesives

87
Q

Adhesives should be spread _______ and ______ on a clean _______ slide.

A

Thinly; Evenly; Grease-free

88
Q

After spreading it on the slides, it will be gently approximated to the end of the ribbon, and drawn ______ in a near _____ motion.

A

Upwards; Vertical

89
Q

T/F: In floatation water bath, tissue ribbons are fished and should not attach to the slide

A

False - should attach to the slide!!!!!

90
Q

Adhesive is applied to the _____ for the ribbons to attach

A

Slide

91
Q

Yes/No: Will sections float when submitted to strong alkali solution during staining.

A

Yes!!!

92
Q

What type of tissue adhesive?

Background staining may be detected due to uptake of dyes

A

Albumin

93
Q

T/F: In Albumin, preservative should not be added to prevent putrefaction

A

False — Should be added!!!!!!

94
Q

Children, What is Putrefaction?

A

Decomposition of proteins

95
Q

In Albumin, this is also added to increase viscosity and prevent complete drying

A

Glycerol

96
Q

What are the different sources of Albumin?

A

Egg Albumin
Bovine
Human Albumin (plasma)

97
Q

T/F: In albumin, it is more effective if drying of sections takes place above the coagulation point.

A

TREEEWWWWW

98
Q

What is the commercially prepared Albumin?

A

Meyer’s Egg Albumin

MT6321 (3 decks)

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