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MLS 221/L MIDTERMS > LEC MODULE 4-5 UNIT 1 > Flashcards

LEC MODULE 4-5 UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Compounds added to biological specimens to prevent them from clotting or to preserve the constituents of a specimen.

A

Additives

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2
Q

any substance that prevents blood from clotting

A

anticoagulant

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3
Q

A prenatal test to detect birth defects that is performed at an early stage of pregnancy and involves retrieval and examination of tissue from the chorionic villi. It is also called chorionic villus biopsy.

A

chorionic villus sampling

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4
Q

The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of blood interact in the coagulation cascade, resulting in formation of an insoluble fibrin clot

A

coagulation or clotting

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5
Q

Variation that occurs in the amount of a substance during a 24-hour period

A

diurnal variation

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6
Q

Disruption of the red cell membrane causing release of hemoglobin and other components of red blood cells

A

hemolysis

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7
Q

One who practices phlebotomy, the individual drawing a specimen of blood.

A

phlebotomist

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8
Q

The puncture of a blood vessel to collect blood; literally, “the letting of blood in the treatment of disease.”

A

phlebotomy

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9
Q

Factors that affect specimens before tests are performed and that can lead to error if not controlled;

A

preanalytical errors

they are classified as controllable or uncontrollable

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10
Q

A substance or preparation added to a specimen to prevent changes in the constituents of a specimen.

A

preservatives

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11
Q

The non-cellular component of anticoagulated whole blood which contains clotting factors

A

plasma

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12
Q

The watery portion of blood that remains after coagulation has occurred and can be obtained after centrifugation.

A

serum

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13
Q

Any object which could readily puncture or cut the skin of an individual when encountered

A

sharps

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14
Q

A container designed for the disposal of sharps. This is being required and regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

A

sharps container

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15
Q

Collection of capillary blood usually from a pediatric patient by making a thin cut in the skin, usually at the heel of the foot.

A

skin puncture

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16
Q

A sample or portion of body fluid or tissue collected for examination, study, or analysis

A

specimen

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17
Q

All of the steps involved in obtaining an appropriate and identified blood specimen from an individual’s vein

A

venipuncture

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18
Q

Obstruction of the return of venous blood to the heart and distention of the veins; in phlebotomy, this is a temporary blockage caused by application of pressure, usually from a tourniquet.

A

venous occlusion

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19
Q

It is often used for skewed data

A

median

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20
Q

the most frequently observed value in a set of observations

A

mode

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21
Q

It is nnot commonly used as a measure of the data’s center but is more often used to describe data that seem to have two centers (bimodal).

A

mode

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22
Q

in the mode measurement of center/location, there cannot be more than one mode, if two or more values are equally common.

A

False. There can be more than one mode, if two or more values are equally common

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23
Q

It is possible that in a set of data there is no mode at all

A

True

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24
Q

Blood for analysis may be obtained from

A

veins, arteries, capillaries

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25
Q

what blood specimen is usually the specimen of choice

A

venous blood

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26
Q

what is the method used in obtaining venous blood

A

venipuncture

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27
Q

the act of obtaining blood sample from a vein using a needle
attached to a syringe or stoppered evacuated tube.

A

phlebotomy or venipuncture

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28
Q

locations where skin puncture can be done

A
  • heel stick
  • fleshy part of middle or fourth finger
  • fleshy portion of earlobe
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29
Q

Analytic testing of blood involves the use of

A
  • whole blood
  • serum
  • plasma
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30
Q

whole blood includes

A

both the liquid portion of the blood called

plasma and the cellular components

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31
Q

This requires blood

collection into a vessel containing an anticoagulant

A

whole blood

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32
Q

the clear yellow supernate on

top of the cells that fall toward the bottom after quite some time

A

plasma

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33
Q

If a tube does not contain an anticoagulant, the blood’s clotting
factors are active to form a clot incorporating the cells leaving the remaining yellowish liquid
to be called

A

serum

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34
Q

3 types of whole blood

A
  • arterial blood
  • venous blood
  • capillary blood
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35
Q

are oxygenated and have uniform composition throughout the body
and is used for measuring blood gases and pH

A

arterial blood

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36
Q

blood gases are measured through determining the

A

partial pressure of O2 and CO2

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37
Q

In arterial blood collection, evacuated tubes are used instead of syringes because of the pressure in an arterial blood vessel.

A

False. In arterial blood collection, syringes are used instead of evacuated tubes because of the pressure in an arterial blood vessel.

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38
Q

primary arterial sites

A
  • radial
  • brachial
  • femoral
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39
Q

Best specimen for evaluating

respiratory function

A

arterial blood

40
Q

used for arterial blood gas analysis

A

arterial blood

41
Q

Has high oxygen content and

consistency of composition

A

arterial blood

42
Q

disadvantages of arterial blood collection

A
  • difficult to obtain
  • more painful and hazardous than venipuncture
  • not normally used for routine blood tests
43
Q

deoxygenated and have variable composition which can be

affected by metabolic activity and tissue it drains

A

venous blood

44
Q

the specimen of choice for most

routine laboratory tests

A

venous blood

45
Q

venous blood is usually obtained in the

A

antecubital area of the arm

46
Q

it is where oxygen is lower

A

venous blood

47
Q 
-Good indicator of the physiological 
conditions throughout the body.
-Easier to obtain than arterial blood 
sample
-Used most frequently for testing
A

venous blood

48
Q

disadvantages of venous blood collection

A

-May result to some minor and serious complications.
-Patients under serious conditions often lack readily accessible peripheral veins.
-Most patients physiologically can’t handle needles anywhere in their
body.

49
Q

contain arterial blood, venous blood, and tissue fluid

A

capillary blood

50
Q

capillary blood is obtained from

A

capillary beds

-which contains smallest veins (venules) and smallest arteries (arterioles)

51
Q

It is often the specimen of choice for infants, very young

children, elderly patients with fragile veins, and severely burned patients

A

capillary blood

52
Q

point-of-care testing is often performed using venous blood specimen.

A

False. capillary blood specimen

53
Q

Capillary blood has lower glucose concentration and higher calcium, potassium, and total protein concentrations as compared to that of the venous blood.

A

False. Capillary blood has higher glucose concentration and lower calcium, potassium, and total protein concentrations as compared to that of the venous blood.

54
Q 
in using this blood specimen:
-Only a very small amount of blood is 
needed
-Collection is simple and relatively 
painless
-Collection sites can be changed to 
minimize scarring and pain
A

capillary blood

55
Q

disadvantages of capillary blood collection

A 
-Not all tests can be run on capillary 
samples
-Capillary blood collection can 
sometimes rupture the blood cells, 
leading to inaccurate results.
-Calcified nodules may develop at 
the site of collection, especially in 
infants
56
Q

what percentage of the blood is plasma

A

55%

57
Q

what percentage of blood is water

A

92%

58
Q

Plasma contains

A

7% proteins (albumin, gamma globulin, anti-hemophilic factor)
1% (mineral salts, sugars, fats, hormones, vitamins)

59
Q

in obtaining plasma, blood is not allowed to clot

A

True

60
Q

Plasma contains all clotting factors specifically

A
  • Factor I
  • Factor V
  • Factor VIII
  • Factor XIII
61
Q

in gaussian distribution the mean, median, mode are

A

identical

62
Q

a symmetrical curve representing the normal distribution

A

gaussian curve

63
Q

the peak of the distribution should be centered on the

A

mean (best estimate of the true value)

64
Q

the width of the curve is related to

A

standard deviation (a measure of data spread)

65
Q

verification of a reference interval

A

transference

66
Q

Inpatient samples should be
used for reference interval studies that
are designed to reflect a population

A

False

67
Q

it indicates how the data are distributed or spread

A

measure of dispersion

68
Q

This is often a good measure of dispersion for small samples of data

A

range

69
Q

The range value of a data set is greatly influenced by the presence of just one unusually large or small value in the sample commonly referred to as

A

outlier

70
Q

the most frequently used measure of

variation.

A

standard deviation

71
Q

low standard deviation is good

A

true

72
Q

defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean value of the
data used in the analysis. It is expressed as a percentage.

A

coefficient of variation

73
Q

measure of dispersion

A
  • range
  • standard deviation
  • coefficient of variation
  • variance
74
Q

Average distance from the center of the data and every value in the data
set.

A

variance

75
Q

3 commonly used descriptions of spread

A
  • range
  • standard deviation
  • coefficient of variation
76
Q

defined as closeness of agreement between the average value obtained from a large series of results of measurements and the true value

A

trueness

77
Q

the closeness of agreement of mean value with the true value

A

true

78
Q

difference between the average value and the true value

A

bias

79
Q

this is expressed numerically and is inversely related to the trueness

A

bias

80
Q

the closeness of agreement of a single measurement with the “true
value”

A

accuracy

81
Q

accuracy is influenced by

A

bias and imprecision

82
Q

combination of systematic error and random error

A

total error

83
Q

inaccuracy and imprecision reflects

A

total error

84
Q

refers to the

satisfaction of the needs and expectations of users and costumers.

A

quality

85
Q

cost of conformance is divided into

A

prevention cost and appraisal cost

86
Q

cost of nonconformance

A

internal and external failure cost

87
Q

Degree to which a measured value of an entity agrees with its true value

A

accuracy

-Best measured through reference methods and peer group comparison

88
Q

Degree to which measured values of an entity agree with each other

A

precision

-does not always connote accuracy

89
Q

measured through determining standard deviation and coefficient of variance

A

precision

90
Q

combination of accuracy and precision

A

reliability

91
Q

Ability of the method to detect slight differences in concentration

A

sensitivity

92
Q

The ability of a method to determine solely the compound it is supposed to measure

A

specificity

93
Q

Describes the many fluctuations in a data that will interfere in the measurement of a substance in question

A

variance

94
Q

defined as the liquid portion of blood that remains after

coagulation has occurred

A

serum

95
Q

it is where clotting factors (factor I, V, VIII, XIII) are absent

A

serum

96
Q

If the tube has

thrombin, the clotting time is approximately

A

5 minutes

97
Q

For tubes with clot activator, ______ is necessary for clotting time and _______ for tubes without clot activator

A

30 mins; 60 mins

MLS 221/L MIDTERMS (3 decks)

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