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MT6319 > [LEC] Genomes and Variants > Flashcards

[LEC] Genomes and Variants Flashcards

To completely know, understand, comprehend, and duplicate genomes and variants

1
Q

Proteins that contribute
to the organization of the chromosome. (bridging, wrapping, or bending activities)

A

Nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs)

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2
Q

TorF: Bacterial genome is simpler compared to human genome, but
still has same level of packaging

A

True

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3
Q

Compact bacterial chromosome

A

Nucleoid

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4
Q

(in NAPs) Antiparallel coiled hinged domain (safety pin)

A

SMC COMPLEX

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5
Q

(in NAPs) Small protein sub-unit that
bridges your interconnecting
sites between genome

A

H-NS

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6
Q

(in NAPS) Alters and facilitates the formation of loops

A

IHF

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7
Q

(in NAPS) Causes interlinkage between
successive joints/parts of linear
DNA

A

HU

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8
Q

Wraps around genetic material of virus which is either RNA or DNA, but never both

A

Capsid

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9
Q

Capsule is made of lipids which is enclosed by the outer layer called:

A

Capsid

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10
Q

TorF: All genes (99.99%) are already discovered and known

A

FALSE: only 50%

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11
Q

Part of bacteriophage that contains the viral genome

A

HEAD - inserted into the bacteria

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12
Q

Virus that attacks bacteria

A

Bacteriophage

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13
Q

Part of bacteriophage that is the attachment point for the virus

A

TAIL

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14
Q

HUMAN GENOME consists of ____ nucleotide bases

A

3 BILLION

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15
Q

Largest human gene, found in X
chromosome, responsible for repair of muscle injury

A

DYSTROPHIN

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16
Q

TorF: We are 49.999% the same with other humans

A

FALSE - 99.99%

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17
Q

DNA packaging and the various packing capacities involved to fit eukaryotic DNA into the nucleus (order)

A

DNA > Histone > Nucleosome > Chromatin Fiber > Chromosome

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18
Q

TorF: Bacteria have NAPs, while Humans have nucleosomes

A

THRUE

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19
Q

Histones are positively charged

A

yes

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20
Q

Most diverse/variable histone

A

H2

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21
Q

Histone Linker protein

A

H1

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22
Q

Histone Octamers

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

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23
Q

Gene without histone, turned off

A

knockout gene

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24
Q

Animal Chromosome that has lateral loops that extrude from the chromomeres at certain positions.

A

LAMPBRUSH CHROMOSOME

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25
Q

Appear at the meiosis stage in which the
chromosomes resemble a series of beads on a
string.

A

Chromomeres

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26
Q

TorF: Lampbrush chromosome is found in humans

A

FALSE: Urodele amphibians

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27
Q

Animal Chromosome that is usually found at the interphase nuclei of some tissue of the larvae of flies.

A

POLYTENE CHROMOSOME

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28
Q

TorF: Repetitive DNA are protein coding sequences

A

FALSE: Non repetitive are coding

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29
Q

DNA sequences that are unique; only one copy in a haploid genome.

A

NON REPETITIVE DNA

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30
Q

Types of Repetitive DNA

A

Introns
Moderately Repetitive Sequences (Interspersed Elements-Repetitive
Transposed Sequences, Tandem repeated DNA- VNTRs and STRs)
Highly Repetitive Sequences

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31
Q

short sequences of DNA that have the ability to move to new locations in the genome; called selfish DNA or junk DNA

A

TRANSPOSONS

32
Q

TorF: Retrotransposons are also transposons

A

FALSE: non-transposons, opposite

33
Q

<500 base pairs long and may be present 500,000
times or more in a human genome (SINE OR LINE)

A

SINEs (SHORT INTERSPERSED ELEMENTS)

34
Q

about 6kb (>6,000) in length and may be present
850,000 times in the human genome.

A

LINEs (LONG INTERSPERSED ELEMENTS)

35
Q

Tandem repeats that are with 2-to 5-bp repeats and an array size on theorder of 10–100 unit

A

MICROSATELLITES

36
Q

Tandem repeats that with 10-to 100-bp (usually around 15-bp) repeats and an array size of 0.5–30 kb

A

MINISATELLITES

37
Q

Tandem repeats that are 15 to 100bp long and found within and between genes

A

VARIABLE NUMBER TANDEM REPEATS (VNTRs)

38
Q

YES/NO : Satellite DNA (satDNA) are highly repetitive

A

yes

39
Q

TorF satDNA has variable GC-rich repeat forms

A

FALSE- AT-RICH

40
Q

Length of satDNAs?

A

150 to 400bp

41
Q

YES/NO: Noncoding RNAs have been found to have NO functions

A

NO - important role in neuronal functions

42
Q

also called dead genes

A

PSEUDOGENES

43
Q

TorF: Pseudogenes may evolve functions in regulating expression of
related genes and may regulate their parental genes, similar to long
noncoding RNAs or microRNAs (miRNAs).

A

TRUE

44
Q

CAUSES OF GENOME EVOLUTION (MUTATION)

A

> replication error or DNA damage
Substitution mutation

45
Q

The second step in Genome Evolution

A

FIXATION OF MUTATION

46
Q

random changes in the frequency of a mutational variant in a population

A

GENETIC DRIFT

47
Q

TorF: Evolutionary rate is a combination of the mutation rate and the rate of
fixation.

A

TRUE

48
Q

What dictates the evolutionary pace of the organism?

A

1)Mutation and 2)Fixation of Mutation

49
Q

TorF: Larger genomes are favored directly by selection as a way to cellular economization

A

FALSE - smaller genome

50
Q

TorF: natural selection directly favors genome reduction and low G+C content in free-living prokaryotes living in low-nutrient environments.

A

TRUE

51
Q

TorF: genes unnecessary for living in intracellular conditions are NOT maintained by selection and are
lost in the course of evolution.

A

TRUE

52
Q

Type of Genome Reduction that states that smaller genomes are favored directly by selection as
a way to cellular economization

A

THE STREAMLINING HYPOTHESIS

53
Q

Type of Genome Reduction that states that in populations undergoing constant bottlenecks and no recombination, genome reduction occurs through
the accumulation of slightly deleterious mutations.

A

MULLER RATCHET

54
Q

TorF: Modifications of some genes coded in the reduced
genome could allow the endosymbiont to cope with
the loss of otherwise essential genes

A

YES

55
Q

A bacteria living inside a host that survives from the host’s proteins

A

ENDOSYMBIONT

56
Q

TorF: The number of genes
correspond to the number of proteins present

A

FALSE- not necessarily correspond

57
Q

TorF: The mitochondrial genome is from the fathernal lineage

A

FALSE- MATERNAL

58
Q

No. of bps and genes in the mitochondrial genome?

A

BPs- 17000
genes- 32

59
Q

Each DNA molecule is organized into discrete units
called ___

A

Chromosomes

60
Q

The total genetic information
stored in the chromosomes are referred to as the ____

A

Genome

61
Q

YES/NO The total chromosome count in a human is 46 autosomes and two sex chromosomes, XX for females and XY.

A

NO: 44 autosomes

62
Q

Type of RNA splicing: only exon 1 and 2 are spliced, it will result to a truncated protein

A

INCOMPLETE SPLICING

63
Q

Type of RNA splicing: exon 1, exon 2, and exon 3 spliced (pero kalahati lang ni exon 3)

A

CRYPTIC SPLICING

64
Q

position or location of a gene in
the genome.

A

LOCUS

65
Q

“version” of a gene that is present at any given locus.

A

ALLELE

66
Q

Mutation that occur in non germline tissues
and are non-heritable (e.g. breast)

A

SOMATIC MUTA

67
Q

Mutation present in egg or sperm and are heritable (e.g. cancer family syndrome)

A

GERMLINE MUTATION

68
Q

TorF: Somatic mutation affects the whole body

A

FALSE - Germline mutation

69
Q

Mutation or Polymorphism:
<1% of population
Carrier
Diseased
Point Mutation

A

MUTATION

70
Q

Mutation or Polymorphism:
>1% of population
Not affected
At risk of a disease
SNPs

A

POLYMORPHISM

71
Q

Type of Point Mutation: Purine to Purine

A

Transition

72
Q

Type of Point Mutation: C to G

A

Transversion

73
Q

Type of Point Mutation: G to A

A

Transition

74
Q

Types of Deletion Mutations

A

Cystic fibrosis (most common)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy

75
Q

Mutation where the reading frame is altered

A

FRAME-SHIFT MUTATIONS

76
Q

FRAME-SHIFT MUTATIONS are produced by:

A

deletions, insertions, or splicing errors

77
Q

Unstable trinucleotide repeats (trinucleotide repeat expansion)

A

DYNAMIC MUTATIONS

MT6319 (4 decks)

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