[LEC] Genomes and Variants

Question 1

Proteins that contribute
to the organization of the chromosome. (bridging, wrapping, or bending activities)

Answer 1

Nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs)

Question 2

TorF: Bacterial genome is simpler compared to human genome, but
still has same level of packaging

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Compact bacterial chromosome

Answer 3

Nucleoid

Question 4

(in NAPs) Antiparallel coiled hinged domain (safety pin)

Answer 4

SMC COMPLEX

Question 5

(in NAPs) Small protein sub-unit that
bridges your interconnecting
sites between genome

Answer 5

H-NS

Question 6

(in NAPS) Alters and facilitates the formation of loops

Answer 6

IHF

Question 7

(in NAPS) Causes interlinkage between
successive joints/parts of linear
DNA

Answer 7

HU

Question 8

Wraps around genetic material of virus which is either RNA or DNA, but never both

Answer 8

Capsid

Question 9

Capsule is made of lipids which is enclosed by the outer layer called:

Answer 9

Capsid

Question 10

TorF: All genes (99.99%) are already discovered and known

Answer 10

FALSE: only 50%

Question 11

Part of bacteriophage that contains the viral genome

Answer 11

HEAD - inserted into the bacteria

Question 12

Virus that attacks bacteria

Answer 12

Bacteriophage

Question 13

Part of bacteriophage that is the attachment point for the virus

Answer 13

TAIL

Question 14

HUMAN GENOME consists of ____ nucleotide bases

Answer 14

3 BILLION

Question 15

Largest human gene, found in X
chromosome, responsible for repair of muscle injury

Answer 15

DYSTROPHIN

Question 16

TorF: We are 49.999% the same with other humans

Answer 16

FALSE - 99.99%

Question 17

DNA packaging and the various packing capacities involved to fit eukaryotic DNA into the nucleus (order)

Answer 17

DNA > Histone > Nucleosome > Chromatin Fiber > Chromosome

Question 18

TorF: Bacteria have NAPs, while Humans have nucleosomes

Answer 18

THRUE

Question 19

Histones are positively charged

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

Most diverse/variable histone

Answer 20

H2

Question 21

Histone Linker protein

Answer 21

H1

Question 22

Histone Octamers

Answer 22

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

Question 23

Gene without histone, turned off

Answer 23

knockout gene

Question 24

Animal Chromosome that has lateral loops that extrude from the chromomeres at certain positions.

Answer 24

LAMPBRUSH CHROMOSOME

Question 25

Appear at the meiosis stage in which the chromosomes resemble a series of beads on a string.

Answer 25

Chromomeres

Question 26

TorF: Lampbrush chromosome is found in humans

Answer 26

FALSE: Urodele amphibians

Question 27

Animal Chromosome that is usually found at the interphase nuclei of some tissue of the larvae of flies.

Answer 27

POLYTENE CHROMOSOME

Question 28

TorF: Repetitive DNA are protein coding sequences

Answer 28

FALSE: Non repetitive are coding

Question 29

DNA sequences that are unique; only one copy in a haploid genome.

Answer 29

NON REPETITIVE DNA

Question 30

Types of Repetitive DNA

Answer 30

Introns Moderately Repetitive Sequences (Interspersed Elements-Repetitive Transposed Sequences, Tandem repeated DNA- VNTRs and STRs) Highly Repetitive Sequences

Question 31

short sequences of DNA that have the ability to move to new locations in the genome; called selfish DNA or junk DNA

Answer 31

TRANSPOSONS

Question 32

TorF: Retrotransposons are also transposons

Answer 32

FALSE: non-transposons, opposite

Question 33

<500 base pairs long and may be present 500,000 times or more in a human genome (SINE OR LINE)

Answer 33

SINEs (SHORT INTERSPERSED ELEMENTS)

Question 34

about 6kb (>6,000) in length and may be present 850,000 times in the human genome.

Answer 34

LINEs (LONG INTERSPERSED ELEMENTS)

Question 35

Tandem repeats that are with 2-to 5-bp repeats and an array size on theorder of 10–100 unit

Answer 35

MICROSATELLITES

Question 36

Tandem repeats that with 10-to 100-bp (usually around 15-bp) repeats and an array size of 0.5–30 kb

Answer 36

MINISATELLITES

Question 37

Tandem repeats that are 15 to 100bp long and found within and between genes

Answer 37

VARIABLE NUMBER TANDEM REPEATS (VNTRs)

Question 38

YES/NO : Satellite DNA (satDNA) are highly repetitive

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

TorF satDNA has variable GC-rich repeat forms

Answer 39

FALSE- AT-RICH

Question 40

Length of satDNAs?

Answer 40

150 to 400bp

Question 41

YES/NO: Noncoding RNAs have been found to have NO functions

Answer 41

NO - important role in neuronal functions

Question 42

also called dead genes

Answer 42

PSEUDOGENES

Question 43

TorF: Pseudogenes may evolve functions in regulating expression of related genes and may regulate their parental genes, similar to long noncoding RNAs or microRNAs (miRNAs).

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

CAUSES OF GENOME EVOLUTION (MUTATION)

Answer 44

>replication error or DNA damage >Substitution mutation

Question 45

The second step in Genome Evolution

Answer 45

FIXATION OF MUTATION

Question 46

random changes in the frequency of a mutational variant in a population

Answer 46

GENETIC DRIFT

Question 47

TorF: Evolutionary rate is a combination of the mutation rate and the rate of fixation.

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

What dictates the evolutionary pace of the organism?

Answer 48

1)Mutation and 2)Fixation of Mutation

Question 49

TorF: Larger genomes are favored directly by selection as a way to cellular economization

Answer 49

FALSE - smaller genome

Question 50

TorF: natural selection directly favors genome reduction and low G+C content in free-living prokaryotes living in low-nutrient environments.

Answer 50

TRUE

Question 51

TorF: genes unnecessary for living in intracellular conditions are NOT maintained by selection and are lost in the course of evolution.

Answer 51

TRUE

Question 52

Type of Genome Reduction that states that smaller genomes are favored directly by selection as a way to cellular economization

Answer 52

THE STREAMLINING HYPOTHESIS

Question 53

Type of Genome Reduction that states that in populations undergoing constant bottlenecks and no recombination, genome reduction occurs through the accumulation of slightly deleterious mutations.

Answer 53

MULLER RATCHET

Question 54

TorF: Modifications of some genes coded in the reduced genome could allow the endosymbiont to cope with the loss of otherwise essential genes

Answer 54

YES

Question 55

A bacteria living inside a host that survives from the host's proteins

Answer 55

ENDOSYMBIONT

Question 56

TorF: The number of genes correspond to the number of proteins present

Answer 56

FALSE- not necessarily correspond

Question 57

TorF: The mitochondrial genome is from the fathernal lineage

Answer 57

FALSE- MATERNAL

Question 58

No. of bps and genes in the mitochondrial genome?

Answer 58

BPs- 17000 genes- 32

Question 59

Each DNA molecule is organized into discrete units called ___

Answer 59

Chromosomes

Question 60

The total genetic information stored in the chromosomes are referred to as the ____

Answer 60

Genome

Question 61

YES/NO The total chromosome count in a human is 46 autosomes and two sex chromosomes, XX for females and XY.

Answer 61

NO: 44 autosomes

Question 62

Type of RNA splicing: only exon 1 and 2 are spliced, it will result to a truncated protein

Answer 62

INCOMPLETE SPLICING

Question 63

Type of RNA splicing: exon 1, exon 2, and exon 3 spliced (pero kalahati lang ni exon 3)

Answer 63

CRYPTIC SPLICING

Question 64

position or location of a gene in the genome.

Answer 64

LOCUS

Question 65

“version” of a gene that is present at any given locus.

Answer 65

ALLELE

Question 66

Mutation that occur in non germline tissues and are non-heritable (e.g. breast)

Answer 66

SOMATIC MUTA

Question 67

Mutation present in egg or sperm and are heritable (e.g. cancer family syndrome)

Answer 67

GERMLINE MUTATION

Question 68

TorF: Somatic mutation affects the whole body

Answer 68

FALSE - Germline mutation

Question 69

Mutation or Polymorphism: <1% of population Carrier Diseased Point Mutation

Answer 69

MUTATION

Question 70

Mutation or Polymorphism: >1% of population Not affected At risk of a disease SNPs

Answer 70

POLYMORPHISM

Question 71

Type of Point Mutation: Purine to Purine

Answer 71

Transition

Question 72

Type of Point Mutation: C to G

Answer 72

Transversion

Question 73

Type of Point Mutation: G to A

Answer 73

Transition

Question 74

Types of Deletion Mutations

Answer 74

Cystic fibrosis (most common) Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Question 75

Mutation where the reading frame is altered

Answer 75

FRAME-SHIFT MUTATIONS

Question 76

FRAME-SHIFT MUTATIONS are produced by:

Answer 76

deletions, insertions, or splicing errors

Question 77

Unstable trinucleotide repeats (trinucleotide repeat expansion)

Answer 77

DYNAMIC MUTATIONS