Lec 9/ Ch 13, 14 Flashcards
1
Q
IPV
- Domestic violence
- IPV
- type of ??
- 4 types (PSEF)
A
-
Domestic violence: violence b/w family members
- Typically occurs in private settings
- In Canada, there’s more attention to domestic violence since the 80s b/c of social activism.
-
Intimate partner violence: violence b/w intimate partners
- A specific type of domestic violence; sometimes called “spousal violence”
- Physical abuse (e.g., hitting, punching)
- Sexual abuse (i.e., forcing sex)
- Financial abuse (e.g., restricting access to personal funds)
- Emotional abuse (e.g., verbal attacks, degradation)
2
Q
Measurement
- Measurement for IPV?
- 5 subscales PPSIN
-
Meta-Analysis on CTS
- F: Type of violence
- M: Type of violence
- IPV vs normal men
- Violence among uni/community: M vs F?
- Partner report vs self report
- male vs female report
- 3 criticisms
- scales does no access…
A
- Conflict Tactics Scale - measure IPV
- Self-report engaging and exp b, 40 items
- 5 subscales – sample items
-
Negotiation subscale (lack violence, eval healthy strategies)
- Explained side of argument
- Respected partner’s feelings
- Suggested compromise to an argument
-
Psychological Aggression
- Insulted or swore at partner
- Called partner fat or ugly
- Destroyed something of partner’s
-
Physical Assault
- Slapped partner
- Sexual Coercion
- Injury Scale
-
Negotiation subscale (lack violence, eval healthy strategies)
Meta-Analysis on CTS
- F: use minor physical aggression (e.g., slapping, kicking) & verbal aggression
- M: beat up or choke partners
- Men in treatment for IPV hv higher rates of minor & physical violence than community samples
- Good validity proof: men w/ IPV actually are more violent
- Ppl in community & uni: M & F commit equal amounts of violence
- People self-report fewer violent acts than their partners’ report; males are more likely to under-report
Criticisms of the CTS/CTS2
- Criticism 1: do not assess all potential violent acts
- Impractical to list out all types of violence
- Criticism 2: do not assess motives for violence; initiating and responding with violence are treated equally.
- Criticism 3: do not account for the diff cons of the same act for M vs F (e.g., getting punched by M vs F)
- Statistics Canada (2016): 40% of women vs. 24% of men report being injured in their most recent violent episode
3
Q
Q&A
- Is intimate partner violence always male-initiated?
- Do gay and lesbian couples show similar patterns of intimate partner violence?
Stat Can GSS Findings
- General Findings: last 12 mo vs 5 yr
- Gender: (which gender)
- sever forms of IPV
- Get injured
- % IPV reported to police
- Why ppl don’t report?
- Which gender orientation more likely to report?
- Abor
- IPV prevalence
- Prevalence contact police
- Others
- Common in current vs past relationships
- Age w/ least?
A
- Q: Is intimate partner violence always male-initiated?
- A: No. 2 most common types of violence were mutual mild and mutual severe violence.
- Q: Do gay and lesbian couples show similar patterns of intimate partner violence?
- A: No. Gay men are often both perpetrators and victims;
- Lesbian couples tend to socially isolate themselves; bad b/c social isolation predicts increased physical abuse.
Findings from the General Social Survey (stat Canada, 2014)
- modified version of the CTS
- asked IPV in the last 12 mo and past 5 years
-
General Findings
- 1% experiencing physical or sexual assault in the last 12 months
- 4% experiencing physical or sexual assault in the last 5 years
-
Gender
- F report experiencing more severe forms of IPV than men
- Women more likely to get injured (40% vs 24%)
- 20% IPV reported to police; violence against women more likely to be reported
- common reason for not reporting: victims felt it was a personal matter
-
Sexual Orientation
- Lesbian and bisexual women were 4x more likely to report violence than heterosexual women
-
Aboriginal Populations
- had 2x more the amount of IPV than non-Abor (10 vs 5%) over last five years
- Abor F more likely tb victimized than non-abor F
- Experience and witness more abuse as children
- more likely to contact the police than non-Abor
- Despite relying on law enforcement more, Abor F still experience a higher incidence of IPV
- Violence is more common in prev partners than in current relationships
- Rates of violence across age is similar; lower among older couples (55+)
4
Q
TB: IPV Among uni students
- Dating violence in CAN
- Sexual coercion in CAN
Psychological Theories of IPV
-
Social learning theory
- observational learning
- Major learning sources
- Rewards
- Which gender is more likely to have observed parent IPV?
- define Instigators
-
2 types
-
Aversive instigators:
- emotional funnel system”
- Incentive instigators
-
Aversive instigators:
- define regulators
- 2 types
- external punishment
- self punishment
- What situation is violence likely to happen?
- 2 types
-
Evo theory
- Premise
- Strength of EVO theory
- Stepkids
A
- Canadian dating physical violence rates were lower than half of surveyed countries
- Had higher rates of sexual coercion compared to other countries
Psychological Theories of IPV
- Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)
-
Observational learning: Ppl learn new b observing the rewards and punishments of others (vicarious learning)
- Major learning sources: Fam, subculture, media
- Rewarding imitated b → more likely to get repeated
- Male batterers are more likely to have witnessed parental violence than nonviolence
-
Instigators: events that act as a stimulus for an acquired behavior
-
Aversive instigators: produce emo arousal;
- male batterers tend to label diff emo (ex. guilt, shame) states as anger (“emotional funnel system”)
- IOW: funnel all emotions as “anger”
- Incentive instigators: perceived rewards; perception that aggression can satisfy needs
-
Aversive instigators: produce emo arousal;
-
Regulators: consequences of behavior
- External punishment—ex getting arrested
- Self-punishment, ex— remorse
- If rewards outweigh regulators (and there are no alt/coping strategies) → high chance of violence
- Evolutionary Psychology
- selective pressures → losing access to resources (e.g., sexual competitors → lose sex)
- So humans evolve strategies to protect resources
- IPV may be one such strategy
- E.g., Emotional abuse → partner feel unloveable by others, discouraging them to leave
- E.g., Physical abuse → prevent partner show interest in other potential mates
- Major learning sources: Fam, subculture, media
- Strength of EVO theory: Makes specific predictions
- IPV is more likely when there is sexual infidelity, when one more attractive, in families involving stepchildren
- Step kids → male is he is raising offspring that aren’t his -> can’t pass his own genes
5
Q
Why Do Battered Women Stay?
- Ewing and Aubrey reason
- 3 stage cycle of abuse model (HAT)
- 3 stages
- critique
- Learnt helplessness
- explanation
- 2 critiques
- Survey
- 3 Primary reasons for leaving
- 4 Reasons for returning at least once
- Survey
- 4 predictors of leaving
- 2 Outcomes of leaving
A
Ewing and Aubrey (1987)
- show hypothetical scenario couple w/ IPV
- Ppl rate their agreement with some statements
- Ppl agree w/ the “myths”
- Point: women stay for complex reasons
3-stage cycle of abuse (Walker)
- 1 Tension-building: interpersonal tension, poor communication, victim is fearful
- 2 Acting-out: violent, abusive incident
- 3 Honeymoon: abuser apologizes, affection returns
- Critique: not very predictive of IPV; phases don’t always appear in order among IPV
Learned Helplessness (Seligman)
- Battered women just “give up”
- Critique:
- (1) Battered women pretends to be passive so they don’t get more hurt/appease abuser
- (2) Many women do attempt to leave
Johnson, 1996
- 40% leave
- Primary reasons: fear of increasing severity, kids witness the violence, reporting violence to police
- 70% of women returned home at least once
- Primary reasons: for the sake of the children (31%), give relationship another change (24%), husband promised to change (17%), money/shelter (9%)
- Kim and Gray (2008)
- Predictors of leaving: more financial dependence, less fear of leaving, higher SE, more internal locus of control
- One year after leaving: women had more vitality, better mental health, and more relationships
- But still scored below average on these variables
6
Q
Other TB info
- Male IPV and animal abuse
- Delay leaving and animal welfare
- Battered Woman Syndrome - R. v. Lavallee (1990)
- incident
- SCC ruling
*
A
- 40% of IPV men committed at least 1 act of animal abuse (vs 2% in general pop)
- Another reason women delay leaving is out of concern for their animals’ welfare
Box 13.4 Battered Woman Syndrome - R. v. Lavallee (1990)
- Wife: Angelique Lavallee
- Husband: Kevin Rust
- Kevin is abusive for many years
- During party, Kevin abused Angelique, Angelique shot and killed him
- Trial: acquitted; Appeal: charged
- Husband fits Walker’s cycle of violence: abuse → nice → abuse
- SCC – restore acquittal
- battered wife/woman syndrome exists: cumulative years of abuse → induce severe terror → shooting
- Self-defence apply
7
Q
TB: Types of Male Batterers
- 3 types (fam, borderline, violent)
- Lv of violence
- Pattern of violence
- PD
- Attitude on supporting violence
- Impulse control
- Attachment to partner
- How common
Typologies for F batterers
- 2 types
- Motive
A
Typologies of Male Batterers
- 3 types of male batteres
- Family only
- Dysphoric/borderline
- Generally violent/antisocial
- Family-only batterer (least violence)
- Not violent outside home
- No psychopathology
- No -ve attitude supporting violence
- Mod impulse control problems
- No issue w/ attachment to partner
- Most common (50% of batterers)
- Dysphoric/borderline batterer (mod to severe)
- Show some violence outside fam/ criminal b
- borderline PD; jealous
- Mod problems w/ impulsivity, and drug use
- Preoccupied attachment style
- 25% of batterers
- Generally violent/ antisocial batterer
- Violent outside of home/ criminal b
- Antisocial and narc PD
- Violence-supportive beliefs
- Impulse control problems; use drugs
- Dismissive attachment style
- 25% of batterers
- Studies support this typology in offender and community samples of male batterers
Typologies for F batterers
- 2 types
- Partner-only group (PO)
* Use reactive violence out of fear and self defense
- Partner-only group (PO)
- Generally violent (GV) group
* More instrumental violence
* Experienced more trauma; physical abuse from moms
- Generally violent (GV) group
8
Q
Police Discretion: Mandatory Charging Policies
- Prior, wife battering
- 1980s mandatory charging policies
- Effectiveness: employed vs not
- Dual arrests
A
Police Discretion: Mandatory Charging Policies
- b4, Wife battering is a family matter; police only help restore calm.
- 1980s, mandatory charging policies came into effect
- Police can lay charges if there is reasons to believe domestic assault occurred
- b4, women had to charge their partners; most were fearful → fewer charges
- Police can lay charges if there is reasons to believe domestic assault occurred
- Study: this policy deter employed men (lower recidivism rates) but not for unemployed.
- Arrests increase court-mandated treatment
- Dual arrests happen when
- police cannot determine who is the primary aggressor
- AND there are minor injuries to both parties
9
Q
IPV treatment
- Duluth model
- assumption
- drop out
- 4 criticisms
- CBT
- Assumption
- how is violence reinforced
- Treatment goal
- Study results
- recidivism b/w treatments
- recidivism b/w completed vs incomplete treatments
6 Predictors of treatment completion
1 issue w/ treatment
A
Duluth Model: Feminist psychoeducational program
-
Assume all men are patriarchy; treat these beliefs
- Treatment atmosphere is blaming and punitive
- High drop-out rate (up to 75%)
-
Criticisms
- Focuses on violence done by men to women; neglects woman-to-man and woman-to-woman violence;
- Views violence as one-sided but violence is often mutual (cannot only be the man that needs to change);
- Uses shaming—fails to establish therapeutic alliance between client and therapist
- For therapy to be effective and ppl don’t drop off -> dev trust
- Violence is multi-dimensional, but the Duluth Model mostly focused on power and control in relationships.
- has negligible success
-
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT):
- Violence is learned behavior
- violence is reinforced as victim becomes compliant and this reduces feelings of tension.
- dev alternatives to violence (e.g., anger management and communications skills training)
- No diff b/w IPV treatments on recidivism
- men who completed treatment were less than half as likely to be re-arrested for IPV
Predictors
- specific goals approved by counsellor
- employed
- older
- court-mandated treatment
- Tailor treatment to batterer type
- The couple go to therapy together
- Issue w/ treatment
- Victim may have a false sense of security
- If the batterer sought treatment, victim is more likely to return to batterer
10
Q
- CSC Family Violence Prevention Program
- based on which theory?
- What treatment model
- effectiveness?
- issue
- 3 factors predict treatment completion
A
CSC Family Violence Prevention Programs
- Treatment primer: enhance motivation of potential participants
- Based on social learning model
- Treatment: CBT - identify abusive b → replace w/ alt
- Effectiveness
- Mod to strong treatment effects
- Issue: motivation for treatment differs
- predictors of treatment completion: employed, older aged, court-mandated treatment
11
Q
Stalking: Definition, Prevalence
- Stalking/criminal harassment cwt
- Condition
- Stat Can 2014
- Gender, age
- group
- victim type
- most common type of relationship b/w stalker and victim
- F vs M
- Issue
- Prevalence of violence
- Predictors of violence
- Stalking and homicide
A
- Stalking/Criminal harassment: crime that involved repeatedly following, communicating, watching, or threatening a person directly or indirectly
- The person being stalked must fear for his/her own safety, or the safety of someone they know for police to charge them
- Stat Can 2014
- Gender: F more likely
- Age: 15-24
- More common among uni students
- Most stalking victims know their stalkers
- Most common type of relationships
- F stalked by partner prev romantic relationship
- Men stalked by acquaintances
- Stat Can 2014
- Male underreport
- Violence occur in 40% of cases
- Variables sig related to violence
- Mental D
- former intimate relationship
- F who were stalked: 2x more likely tb attempted/actual homicide victims
- Man threaten of harm kids; if the F did not go back to stalker, 9x increase in attempted or actual homicide
12
Q
Types of Stalker
- 4 types of stalkers
- how common
- why stalking?
- 4 Occupations w/ most stalkers
- motive
A
- 4 types of stalkers
- Ex-intimate stalker (most common)
* Stalks after intimate relationship break up- Can’t let go of partner
- history of IVP
- Ex-intimate stalker (most common)
- Love-obsessional stalker (rare)
* Stalker has intense emo feelings for victim but never had an intimate relationships- an acquaintance or co-worker
- No symptoms of depression/psychosis
- Love-obsessional stalker (rare)
- Delusional stalker (rare)
* delusions he/she has a relationship w/ victim- Can target celebrity, media figure, or politician
- Delusional stalker (rare)
- Grudge stalkers (rare)
* Stalker who knows and is angry at the victim for perceived injustice
- Grudge stalkers (rare)
- Politicians - mainly hate
- doctors (esp psychiatrists),
- F patients - love
- M patients - not happy w/ treatment
- uni prof have high chance of being stalked
- grades, love, MD
- Celebrities
- love
13
Q
TB 14: Prevalence of Sexual Violence
- % no consent
- % sexual touching
- % forced sex
- Prevalence Abor vs non-Abor
- Issue of official stats
- Reason of not reporting
- adult victims: 6 reasons
- child victims: 4 reasons
A
Prevalence of Sexual Violence
- In 2014
- 21k reported cases in CAN
- 10% no consent (drugs/forced)
- 70% sexual touching
- 20% forced sex
- 4.5k sexual assaults against children
- sexual assault among the Abor 2x higher than non-Abor
- Official statistics don’t necessarily provide an accurate measure.
- 95% of adult sexual assault victims didn’t report the assault to police
- Adult victims:
- matter not important enough
- fear revenge
- police can’t find offender
- don’t want to get the offender in trouble
- shame
- feel the matter is personal
- Child victims
- fearful what will happen to them or their parents
- don’t think they’ll be believed
- think they’re somehow to blame
- not fully aware that what happened is unacceptable
- Adult victims:
- 95% of adult sexual assault victims didn’t report the assault to police
14
Q
TB 14: What is sexual assault
- b4 1980s definition
- 2 issues w/ this definition
- Today’s definition of sexual assault
- 3 types of sexual assault (law definitions)
A
What is sexual assault
- b4 1980s male has sex with a female who is not his wife…without her consent”
- Issues
- doesn’t take different relationships into account
- doesn’t describe the nature of sexual assault (intercourse)
- Sexual Assault: Any non-consensual sexual act by either a male or female person to either a male or female person, regardless of the relationship between the people involved.
- 3 types of sexual assault (law definitions)
- Simple sexual assault: Maximum sentence = 10 years
- Sexual assault with weapon or causing bodily harm: Maximum sentence = 14 years
- Aggravated sexual assault (victim is wounded, maimed, disfigured, brutally beaten, or in danger of losing her/his life): Max sentence = life imprisonment
15
Q
TB Ch 14: Consequences for Victims
- Physical cons
- Psychological
- Rape Trauma Syndrome
- 2 phases
- duration
- symptom
- recovery
- PTSD
- 4 main symptoms
- Prevalence of PTSD among sexual violence victims
- 2 phases
- most common perpetrator-victim relationship
- Rape Trauma Syndrome
A
- Physical: STD, pregnancy
-
Rape Trauma Syndrome: common symptoms after rape
- 2 phases
-
Acute crisis phase:
- duration: days to weeks
- Symptom: fear, anxiety, and depression; ask “why did this happen to me?”; self blame
-
Long-term reactions phase:
- duration: months year
- 25% of women don’t really recover
- develop phobias (e.g.,left home alone); sexual problems and depression; chronic physical symptoms (e.g., poor sleep, muscle tension)
-
Acute crisis phase:
- 2 phases
-
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (from DSM-5):
- 4 symptoms
- Avoidance of stimuli
- Reoccurring distressing mem
- -ve altered cog and mood (Details in lec)
- Alter state of arousal and reactivity
- Dissociative symptoms (e.g., flashbacks) in which victim feels like he or she is reliving the event
- 4 symptoms
- Prevalence of PTSD among sexual violence victims
- 1 mo later: 65% of victims hv PTSD
- 9 mo later: 50%
- 15 yo later: 20%
- Myth: sexual assault is mainly committed by strangers - False; by ppl you know
