Lec 9/ Ch 13, 14

Question 1

IPV

• Domestic violence
• IPV
  
  • type of ??
  • 4 types (PSEF)

Answer 1

• Domestic violence: violence b/w family members
  
  • Typically occurs in private settings
  • In Canada, there’s more attention to domestic violence since the 80s b/c of social activism.
• Intimate partner violence: violence b/w intimate partners
  
  • A specific type of domestic violence; sometimes called “spousal violence”
  • Physical abuse (e.g., hitting, punching)
  • Sexual abuse (i.e., forcing sex)
  • Financial abuse (e.g., restricting access to personal funds)
  • Emotional abuse (e.g., verbal attacks, degradation)

Question 2

Measurement

• Measurement for IPV?
• 5 subscales PPSIN
• Meta-Analysis on CTS
  
  • F: Type of violence
  • M: Type of violence
  • IPV vs normal men
  • Violence among uni/community: M vs F?
  • Partner report vs self report
  • male vs female report
• 3 criticisms
  
  • scales does no access…

Answer 2

• Conflict Tactics Scale - measure IPV
• Self-report engaging and exp b, 40 items
• 5 subscales – sample items
  
  • Negotiation subscale (lack violence, eval healthy strategies)
    
    • Explained side of argument
    • Respected partner’s feelings
    • Suggested compromise to an argument
  • Psychological Aggression
    
    • Insulted or swore at partner
    • Called partner fat or ugly
    • Destroyed something of partner’s
  • Physical Assault
    
    • Slapped partner
  • Sexual Coercion
  • Injury Scale

Meta-Analysis on CTS

• F: use minor physical aggression (e.g., slapping, kicking) & verbal aggression
• M: beat up or choke partners
• Men in treatment for IPV hv higher rates of minor & physical violence than community samples
  
  • Good validity proof: men w/ IPV actually are more violent
• Ppl in community & uni: M & F commit equal amounts of violence
• People self-report fewer violent acts than their partners’ report; males are more likely to under-report

Criticisms of the CTS/CTS2

• Criticism 1: do not assess all potential violent acts
  
  • Impractical to list out all types of violence
• Criticism 2: do not assess motives for violence; initiating and responding with violence are treated equally.
• Criticism 3: do not account for the diff cons of the same act for M vs F (e.g., getting punched by M vs F)
  
  • Statistics Canada (2016): 40% of women vs. 24% of men report being injured in their most recent violent episode

Question 3

Q&A

• Is intimate partner violence always male-initiated?
• Do gay and lesbian couples show similar patterns of intimate partner violence?

Stat Can GSS Findings

• General Findings: last 12 mo vs 5 yr
• Gender: (which gender)
  
  • sever forms of IPV
  • Get injured
  • % IPV reported to police
  • Why ppl don’t report?
  • Which gender orientation more likely to report?
• Abor
  
  • IPV prevalence
  • Prevalence contact police
• Others
  
  • Common in current vs past relationships
  • Age w/ least?

Answer 3

• Q: Is intimate partner violence always male-initiated?
  
  • A: No. 2 most common types of violence were mutual mild and mutual severe violence.
• Q: Do gay and lesbian couples show similar patterns of intimate partner violence?
  
  • A: No. Gay men are often both perpetrators and victims;
  • Lesbian couples tend to socially isolate themselves; bad b/c social isolation predicts increased physical abuse.

Findings from the General Social Survey (stat Canada, 2014)

• modified version of the CTS
• asked IPV in the last 12 mo and past 5 years
• General Findings
  
  • 1% experiencing physical or sexual assault in the last 12 months
  • 4% experiencing physical or sexual assault in the last 5 years
• Gender
  
  • F report experiencing more severe forms of IPV than men
  • Women more likely to get injured (40% vs 24%)
  • 20% IPV reported to police; violence against women more likely to be reported
  • common reason for not reporting: victims felt it was a personal matter
• Sexual Orientation
  
  • Lesbian and bisexual women were 4x more likely to report violence than heterosexual women
• Aboriginal Populations
  
  • had 2x more the amount of IPV than non-Abor (10 vs 5%) over last five years
  • Abor F more likely tb victimized than non-abor F
  • Experience and witness more abuse as children
  • more likely to contact the police than non-Abor
    
    • Despite relying on law enforcement more, Abor F still experience a higher incidence of IPV
  • Violence is more common in prev partners than in current relationships
  • Rates of violence across age is similar; lower among older couples (55+)

Question 4

TB: IPV Among uni students

• Dating violence in CAN
• Sexual coercion in CAN

Psychological Theories of IPV

• Social learning theory
  
  • observational learning
  • Major learning sources
  • Rewards
  • Which gender is more likely to have observed parent IPV?
  • define Instigators
  • 2 types
    
    • Aversive instigators:
      
      • emotional funnel system”
    • Incentive instigators
  • define regulators
    
    • 2 types
      
      • external punishment
      • self punishment
    • What situation is violence likely to happen?
• Evo theory
  
  • Premise
  • Strength of EVO theory
  • Stepkids

Answer 4

• Canadian dating physical violence rates were lower than half of surveyed countries
• Had higher rates of sexual coercion compared to other countries

Psychological Theories of IPV

• Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)
• Observational learning: Ppl learn new b observing the rewards and punishments of others (vicarious learning)
  
  • Major learning sources: Fam, subculture, media
    
    • Rewarding imitated b → more likely to get repeated
    • Male batterers are more likely to have witnessed parental violence than nonviolence
  • Instigators: events that act as a stimulus for an acquired behavior
    
    • Aversive instigators: produce emo arousal;
      
      • male batterers tend to label diff emo (ex. guilt, shame) states as anger (“emotional funnel system”)
      • IOW: funnel all emotions as “anger”
    • Incentive instigators: perceived rewards; perception that aggression can satisfy needs
  • Regulators: consequences of behavior
    
    • External punishment—ex getting arrested
    • Self-punishment, ex— remorse
    • If rewards outweigh regulators (and there are no alt/coping strategies) → high chance of violence
  • • Evolutionary Psychology
  • selective pressures → losing access to resources (e.g., sexual competitors → lose sex)
  • So humans evolve strategies to protect resources
  • IPV may be one such strategy
    
    • E.g., Emotional abuse → partner feel unloveable by others, discouraging them to leave
    • E.g., Physical abuse → prevent partner show interest in other potential mates
• Strength of EVO theory: Makes specific predictions
• IPV is more likely when there is sexual infidelity, when one more attractive, in families involving stepchildren
  
  • Step kids → male is he is raising offspring that aren’t his -> can’t pass his own genes

Question 5

Why Do Battered Women Stay?

• Ewing and Aubrey reason
• 3 stage cycle of abuse model (HAT)
  
  • 3 stages
  • critique
• Learnt helplessness
  
  • explanation
  • 2 critiques
• Survey
  
  • 3 Primary reasons for leaving
  • 4 Reasons for returning at least once
• Survey
  
  • 4 predictors of leaving
  • 2 Outcomes of leaving

Answer 5

Ewing and Aubrey (1987)

• show hypothetical scenario couple w/ IPV
• Ppl rate their agreement with some statements
• Ppl agree w/ the “myths”
• Point: women stay for complex reasons

3-stage cycle of abuse (Walker)

• 1 Tension-building: interpersonal tension, poor communication, victim is fearful
• 2 Acting-out: violent, abusive incident
• 3 Honeymoon: abuser apologizes, affection returns
• Critique: not very predictive of IPV; phases don’t always appear in order among IPV

Learned Helplessness (Seligman)

• Battered women just “give up”
• Critique:
  • (1) Battered women pretends to be passive so they don’t get more hurt/appease abuser
  • (2) Many women do attempt to leave

Johnson, 1996

• 40% leave
• Primary reasons: fear of increasing severity, kids witness the violence, reporting violence to police
• 70% of women returned home at least once
• Primary reasons: for the sake of the children (31%), give relationship another change (24%), husband promised to change (17%), money/shelter (9%)
• Kim and Gray (2008)
• Predictors of leaving: more financial dependence, less fear of leaving, higher SE, more internal locus of control
• One year after leaving: women had more vitality, better mental health, and more relationships
  
  • But still scored below average on these variables

Question 6

Other TB info

• Male IPV and animal abuse
• Delay leaving and animal welfare
• Battered Woman Syndrome - R. v. Lavallee (1990)
  
  • incident
  • SCC ruling
    *

Answer 6

• 40% of IPV men committed at least 1 act of animal abuse (vs 2% in general pop)
• Another reason women delay leaving is out of concern for their animals’ welfare

Box 13.4 Battered Woman Syndrome - R. v. Lavallee (1990)

• Wife: Angelique Lavallee
• Husband: Kevin Rust
• Kevin is abusive for many years
• During party, Kevin abused Angelique, Angelique shot and killed him
• Trial: acquitted; Appeal: charged
  
  • Husband fits Walker’s cycle of violence: abuse → nice → abuse
• SCC – restore acquittal
  
  • battered wife/woman syndrome exists: cumulative years of abuse → induce severe terror → shooting
  • Self-defence apply

Question 7

TB: Types of Male Batterers

• 3 types (fam, borderline, violent)
  
  • Lv of violence
  • Pattern of violence
  • PD
    
    • Attitude on supporting violence
    • Impulse control
    • Attachment to partner
  • How common

Typologies for F batterers

• 2 types
  
  • Motive

Answer 7

Typologies of Male Batterers

• 3 types of male batteres
• 1. Family only
• 2. Dysphoric/borderline
• 3. Generally violent/antisocial
• Family-only batterer (least violence)
  
  • Not violent outside home
  • No psychopathology
    
    • No -ve attitude supporting violence
    • Mod impulse control problems
    • No issue w/ attachment to partner
  • Most common (50% of batterers)
• Dysphoric/borderline batterer (mod to severe)
  
  • Show some violence outside fam/ criminal b
  • borderline PD; jealous
    
    • Mod problems w/ impulsivity, and drug use
    • Preoccupied attachment style
  • 25% of batterers
• Generally violent/ antisocial batterer
  
  • Violent outside of home/ criminal b
  • Antisocial and narc PD
    
    • Violence-supportive beliefs
    • Impulse control problems; use drugs
    • Dismissive attachment style
  • 25% of batterers
• Studies support this typology in offender and community samples of male batterers

Typologies for F batterers

• 2 types
  
  • 1. Partner-only group (PO)
       * Use reactive violence out of fear and self defense
  • 2. Generally violent (GV) group
       * More instrumental violence
       * Experienced more trauma; physical abuse from moms

Question 8

Police Discretion: Mandatory Charging Policies

• Prior, wife battering
• 1980s mandatory charging policies
  
  • Effectiveness: employed vs not
• Dual arrests

Answer 8

Police Discretion: Mandatory Charging Policies

• b4, Wife battering is a family matter; police only help restore calm.
• 1980s, mandatory charging policies came into effect
  
  • Police can lay charges if there is reasons to believe domestic assault occurred
    
    • b4, women had to charge their partners; most were fearful → fewer charges
• Study: this policy deter employed men (lower recidivism rates) but not for unemployed.
  
  • Arrests increase court-mandated treatment
• Dual arrests happen when
  
  • police cannot determine who is the primary aggressor
  • AND there are minor injuries to both parties

Question 9

IPV treatment

• Duluth model
  
  • assumption
  • drop out
  • 4 criticisms
• CBT
  
  • Assumption
  • how is violence reinforced
  • Treatment goal
• Study results
  
  • recidivism b/w treatments
  • recidivism b/w completed vs incomplete treatments

6 Predictors of treatment completion

1 issue w/ treatment

Answer 9

Duluth Model: Feminist psychoeducational program

• Assume all men are patriarchy; treat these beliefs
  
  • Treatment atmosphere is blaming and punitive
  • High drop-out rate (up to 75%)
• Criticisms
  
  • Focuses on violence done by men to women; neglects woman-to-man and woman-to-woman violence;
  • Views violence as one-sided but violence is often mutual (cannot only be the man that needs to change);
  • Uses shaming—fails to establish therapeutic alliance between client and therapist
    
    • For therapy to be effective and ppl don’t drop off -> dev trust
  • Violence is multi-dimensional, but the Duluth Model mostly focused on power and control in relationships.
• has negligible success
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT):
  
  • Violence is learned behavior
  • violence is reinforced as victim becomes compliant and this reduces feelings of tension.
  • dev alternatives to violence (e.g., anger management and communications skills training)
• • No diff b/w IPV treatments on recidivism
• men who completed treatment were less than half as likely to be re-arrested for IPV

Predictors

• specific goals approved by counsellor
• employed
• older
• court-mandated treatment
• Tailor treatment to batterer type
• The couple go to therapy together
• Issue w/ treatment
  
  • Victim may have a false sense of security
  • If the batterer sought treatment, victim is more likely to return to batterer

Question 10

• CSC Family Violence Prevention Program
  
  • based on which theory?
  • What treatment model
  • effectiveness?
  • issue
  • 3 factors predict treatment completion

Answer 10

CSC Family Violence Prevention Programs

• Treatment primer: enhance motivation of potential participants
• Based on social learning model
• Treatment: CBT - identify abusive b → replace w/ alt
• Effectiveness
  
  • Mod to strong treatment effects
  • Issue: motivation for treatment differs
  • predictors of treatment completion: employed, older aged, court-mandated treatment

Question 11

Stalking: Definition, Prevalence

• Stalking/criminal harassment cwt
• Condition
• Stat Can 2014
  
  • Gender, age
  • group
  • victim type
  • most common type of relationship b/w stalker and victim
    
    • F vs M
  • Issue
  • • Prevalence of violence
• Predictors of violence
• Stalking and homicide

Answer 11

• Stalking/Criminal harassment: crime that involved repeatedly following, communicating, watching, or threatening a person directly or indirectly
• The person being stalked must fear for his/her own safety, or the safety of someone they know for police to charge them
• • Stat Can 2014
    
    • Gender: F more likely
    • Age: 15-24
    • More common among uni students
    • Most stalking victims know their stalkers
    • Most common type of relationships
      
      • F stalked by partner prev romantic relationship
      • Men stalked by acquaintances
• Male underreport
• • Violence occur in 40% of cases
• Variables sig related to violence
  
  • Mental D
  • former intimate relationship
• F who were stalked: 2x more likely tb attempted/actual homicide victims
  
  • Man threaten of harm kids; if the F did not go back to stalker, 9x increase in attempted or actual homicide

Question 12

Types of Stalker

• 4 types of stalkers
  
  • how common
  • why stalking?
• 4 Occupations w/ most stalkers
  
  • motive

Answer 12

• 4 types of stalkers
  
  • 1. Ex-intimate stalker (most common)
       * Stalks after intimate relationship break up
       
       • Can’t let go of partner
       • history of IVP
  • 2. Love-obsessional stalker (rare)
       * Stalker has intense emo feelings for victim but never had an intimate relationships
       
       • an acquaintance or co-worker
       • No symptoms of depression/psychosis
  • 3. Delusional stalker (rare)
       * delusions he/she has a relationship w/ victim
       
       • Can target celebrity, media figure, or politician
  • 4. Grudge stalkers (rare)
       * Stalker who knows and is angry at the victim for perceived injustice
• Politicians - mainly hate
• doctors (esp psychiatrists),
  
  • F patients - love
  • M patients - not happy w/ treatment
• uni prof have high chance of being stalked
  
  • grades, love, MD
• Celebrities
  
  • love

Question 13

TB 14: Prevalence of Sexual Violence

• % no consent
• % sexual touching
• % forced sex
• Prevalence Abor vs non-Abor
• Issue of official stats
• Reason of not reporting
  
  • adult victims: 6 reasons
  • child victims: 4 reasons

Answer 13

Prevalence of Sexual Violence

• In 2014
• 21k reported cases in CAN
• 10% no consent (drugs/forced)
• 70% sexual touching
• 20% forced sex
• 4.5k sexual assaults against children
• sexual assault among the Abor 2x higher than non-Abor
• Official statistics don’t necessarily provide an accurate measure.
  
  • 95% of adult sexual assault victims didn’t report the assault to police
    
    • Adult victims:
      
      • matter not important enough
      • fear revenge
      • police can’t find offender
      • don’t want to get the offender in trouble
      • shame
      • feel the matter is personal
    • Child victims
      
      • fearful what will happen to them or their parents
      • don’t think they’ll be believed
      • think they’re somehow to blame
      • not fully aware that what happened is unacceptable

Question 14

TB 14: What is sexual assault

• b4 1980s definition
• 2 issues w/ this definition
• Today’s definition of sexual assault
• 3 types of sexual assault (law definitions)

Answer 14

What is sexual assault

• b4 1980s male has sex with a female who is not his wife…without her consent”
• Issues
  
  • doesn’t take different relationships into account
  • doesn’t describe the nature of sexual assault (intercourse)
• Sexual Assault: Any non-consensual sexual act by either a male or female person to either a male or female person, regardless of the relationship between the people involved.
• 3 types of sexual assault (law definitions)
  
  • Simple sexual assault: Maximum sentence = 10 years
  • Sexual assault with weapon or causing bodily harm: Maximum sentence = 14 years
  • Aggravated sexual assault (victim is wounded, maimed, disfigured, brutally beaten, or in danger of losing her/his life): Max sentence = life imprisonment

Question 15

TB Ch 14: Consequences for Victims

• Physical cons
• Psychological
  
  • Rape Trauma Syndrome
    
    • 2 phases
      
      • duration
      • symptom
      • recovery
    • PTSD
      
      • 4 main symptoms
      • Prevalence of PTSD among sexual violence victims
  • most common perpetrator-victim relationship

Answer 15

• Physical: STD, pregnancy
• Rape Trauma Syndrome: common symptoms after rape
  
  • 2 phases
    
    • Acute crisis phase:
      
      • duration: days to weeks
      • Symptom: fear, anxiety, and depression; ask “why did this happen to me?”; self blame
    • Long-term reactions phase:
      
      • duration: months year
      • 25% of women don’t really recover
      • develop phobias (e.g.,left home alone); sexual problems and depression; chronic physical symptoms (e.g., poor sleep, muscle tension)
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (from DSM-5):
  
  • 4 symptoms
    
    • Avoidance of stimuli
    • Reoccurring distressing mem
    • -ve altered cog and mood (Details in lec)
    • Alter state of arousal and reactivity
  • Dissociative symptoms (e.g., flashbacks) in which victim feels like he or she is reliving the event
• Prevalence of PTSD among sexual violence victims
  
  • 1 mo later: 65% of victims hv PTSD
  • 9 mo later: 50%
  • 15 yo later: 20%
• Myth: sexual assault is mainly committed by strangers - False; by ppl you know

Question 16

TB 14: Classification of Sexual Offenders

• Voyeurs
• Exhibitionists
• Rapists
• Pedophile ( 3 types)
  
  • Child molester
  • Intra-fam molester
  • Extra-fam molester

Types of Rapists

• Revised Rapist Typology, Version 3
  
  • Opportunistic type
  • Pervasively angry type
  • Sexual type
  • Sadistic Type
  • Vindictive Type
• Groth - 3 main types
  
  • anger rapists
  • power rapists
  • sadistic rapists
• Is resisting sexual attack a good idea?

Types of child molesters

• Fixated child molesters
• Regressed child molesters
• • Do public sex offender registries make communities safer?
    
    • 3 reasons

Answer 16

Classification of Sexual Offenders

• Voyeurs: observing people undressing or hv sex
• Exhibitionists: expose their genitals to strangers
• Rapists: sexually assault victims 16+ yo
• Pedophile: adult want to have sex w/ kids
  
  • Child molester: sexually molested a children
  • Intra-familial molester: sexually abuses own kids or children for whom they play a parental role
  • Extra-familial molester: sexually abuses kids outside their own family.
• Not all pedophiles are child molesters; vv is true tho

Rapist Typologies

• Revised Rapist Typology, Version 3
  
  • Opportunistic type: impulsive, driven by situational factors, not gratuitously violent (e.g., a burglar breaks in a home to steak but impulsively rapes a female occupant)
  • Pervasively angry type: high anger; impulsive; use unnecessary force, causes serious injury
  • Sexual type: motivated by sexual fantasies
  • Sadistic type: motivated by sexual fantasies but includes sadistic elements
  • Vindictive type: anger toward women; goal to demean and degrade victims
• Groth - three main types of rapists:
  
  • Anger rapists  Uses more force than necessary to obtain compliance; engages in a variety of sexual acts to degrade victims
    
    • 50% of rapists fit this type
  • Power rapists  Seeks to establish dominance and control over victims; force depends on the amount of submission by victim
    
    • 40% of rapists are power rapists
  • Sadistic rapists  Obtains sexual gratification by hurting victims
    
    • 5% of rapists are sadistic rapists
  • Is resisting sexual attack a good idea? - depends on type of rapist

Child Molester Typologies: 2 types

• Fixated child molesters
  
  • Long standing, exclusive preference for kids
  • don’t feel remorse
• Regressed child molesters
  
  • Primary sexual orientation is toward adults
  • sex interests revert to kids after stressful event or b/c of feelings of inadequacy
  • feel remorse after
  • • Do public sex offender registries make communities safer?
  • No, gives false sense of security, no decline in sex offences
  • Offenders have low chance of reoffending
  • Public registries marginalize them, harder to reintegrate

Question 17

TB 14: Adolescent, female, and Abor Sexual Offenders

• Adolescent Sexual Offenders
  
  • b4 1980s
  • prevalence
  • Characteristics
  • Gender
  • abuse history
  • interpersonal issues
  • trait
• • Female Sexual Offenders
    
    • prevalence
    • victim age gp
    • victim gender
    • 3 reasons why rates of F sexual offences are underest
    • Issue w/ studies
    • 4 types
      
      • Teacher/lovers
      • Male-coerced
      • Male-accompanied
      • Predisposed
    • link b/w VG and sexual assault myths
    • Paul Bernardo: rapist type
• Aboriginal Sex offenders
  
  • Prevalence of Abor offenders w/ sex offence
  • Characteristics
    
    • OH
    • Victim type

Answer 17

Adolescent Sexual Offenders

• B4 1980s: Sexually aggressive teens were seen as them experimenting
• sig portion of rapes are done by teens (20%)
• Characteristics
  
  • 90% were male
  • are victims of sex abuse; exposed to porn/sex early, weird sex preferences
    
    • BUT: most sexually abused kids don’t become sex offenders
  • social inadequacy, lack of intimacy, impulsiveness

Female Sexual Offenders

• Only 5% of sex offenders are F
• Sex abuse of kids and males is more prevalent
• lower reoffending rates than males
• shorter sentences
• rates maybe underestimated
  
  • sexually abusive b via caregiving
  • target their own kids, less likely to disclose abuse
  • Boys are targets; less likely to disclose
• Issue: Studies in this area hv small sample sizes
• • 4 types of F sexual offenders - Atkinson 1998
• 1. Teacher/lovers
     * Initiate sexual abuse of M teen they relate as a peer
     * Offender is on position of power
     * Offenders are not aware of b is inappropriate
• 2. Male-coerced
     * Offenders forced into sexual abuse by abusive male; passive offenders
     * Victim is offender’s own daughter
• 3. Male-accompanied
     * Engage in sex abuse w/ male partner; willing participant
     * Victims are in and out of fam
• 4. Predisposed
     * Initiate sex abuse alone; offender was victim
     * Have deviant sex fantasies
     * Involve young kids, own kids, abuse and neglect them

Box 14.4 Sexual Objectification in Video Games and Sexual Assault Myths: Is There a Link?

• VG w/ sexual objectification of F and violence against F is related to more rape-myth attitudes in males

In the Media: A Seemingly Normal Couple: The Facade of Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka

• Karla Homolka/ Leanne Teale worked as vet technician
• Paul Bernardo, educated man but sadistic rapist
• Sexually assaulted and murdered 3 young teens
• Raped over 30 women

Aboriginal Sex offenders

• Lack of rs
• 40% of Abor offender pop committed sexual offence
• Score higher on risk factors (substance, edu, job)
• CSC
  
  • Abor offenders 90% were under the influence of OH
  • Most victims were among Abor and known to offender
    *

Question 18

TB 14: Theories of Sexual Aggression

• Finkelhor’s precondition model of child molestation (1984)
  
  • 4 preconditions
    
    • 3 factors of precondition 1
  • “Integrated Model” / “Summary Model”
  • Evolutionary Theory

Answer 18

Theories of Sexual Aggression

• Finkelhor’s precondition model of child molestation (1984)
• 4 preconditions
• 1. offender is motivated to sexually abuse; has 3 factors
     * 1 emo congruence: desire for child satisfy emo need
     * 2 sexual attraction
     * 3 no outlets for offender to meet sex and emo needs
• 2. lack of internal inhibition
     * OH and impulse problems weaken offender’s ability to restrain the b
• 3. offender must overcome external inhibitors for abuse to occur
     * Ex. create opportunities to be along w/ kid
• 4. Offender overcome child’s resistance
     * Offender reward child w/ attention or bribes to encourage kid to cooperate/ use violence
• • “Integrated Model” / “Summary Model”
    
    • Marshall and Barbaree (1990)
      
      • Biological factors, childhood experiences, sociocultural influences, and situational events (sort of listing all the factors that cause ppl rape)
      • People typically learn to inhibit sexual aggression through the development of positive attachments; sexual offenders fail to develop such self-control because of poor upbringing.
• Evolutionary Theory
  
  • E.g., Rape as a mating strategy  reproductive advantage for males

Question 19

TB 14: Assessment and Treatment of Sexual Offenders

• Most treatment programs address
  
  • Denial, minimizations,
  • cog distortions
  • empathy
  • social skills
  • Substance abuse
  • deviant sex interest
    
    • assessment tool
    • 3 types of therapy
  • Relapse prevention
    
    • 2 Goals
    • Lapse
    • Apparently irrelevant decisions
    • Abstinence violation effect
      
      • 2 situations
      • Overall cycle

Effectiveness of Treatment

• Incarceration and recidivism
• Treated vs untreated victims on recidivism
  *

Answer 19

• Assssments: Goal  (1) determine risk of reoffending, (2) evaluate whether treatments work
• Treatment programs must address
  
  • Denial: offenders often deny or don’t take full responsibility (up to 70% of offenders; Jung and Daniels, 2012)
    
    • “The victim wanted to have sex with me”
    • “I was drunk; I didn’t know what I was doing”
  • Cognitive distortions  deviant cognitions, values, or beliefs that are used to justify or minimize sexual offenses
    
    • Example: An incest child molester might say, “It was better for her to have her first sexual experience with me since I love her…”
    • cognitive distortions predict recidivism
• Empathy  Some sexual offenders general lack empathy (i.e., psychopaths); many lack empathy toward their victims
  
  • Cognitive distortions can play a role here too
  • Empathy training  getting the offender to understand the impact of abuse
• Social Skills  Offenders generally lack social skills, and this lack may play a contributing role (e.g., anger control, communication)
  
  • Treatment programs may aim to improve such scales
• Substance Abuse  Offenders may use alcohol to facilitate offending by reducing their inhibitions
  
  • Offenders may be referred to substance-abuse programs
• Deviant Sexual Interests  Can be assessed with penile phallometry
  
  • Aversion therapy  deviant fantasies are paired with aversive stimuli (e.g., smells); classical conditioning
  • Masturbatory satiation  offender is told to masturbate to non-deviant stimuli
  • Pharmacological intervention  drugs, like SSRIs, given to reduce sexual interest
• Relapse prevention
  
  • Identify pre-offence thoughts, feelings, and b
    
    • generate options/ alt b
  • must be motivated to stop/prevent offending
• Lifestyle imbalance -> feelings of deprivation, hv urges and cravings -> irrelevant decisions (ex. go for drive) -> high risk situations (ex. stop at playground)
  
  • -> coping response -> decrease chance of relapse
  • -> no coping response -> lapse (fantasize about sex w/ kid) -> abstinence violation effect (ex. feel he failed treatment) -> increase chance of relapse
• Lapse: fantasize about sexual offending
• Apparently irrelevant decisions: conscious or unconscious decisions offender made that put them in high-risk situations
• Abstinence violation effect: how offender reacts to lapse
  
  • If offender see lapse as irreversible failure -> relapse
  • If lapse is seen as reasonable mistake in learning process 0> offender is more confident in own ability to avoid/handle future lapses

Effectiveness of Treatment

• Incarceration doesn’t seem to be a deterrent for sexual offenders
• Sexual offenders who refused treatment had the highest rate of recidivism
  
  • Treatment was equally effective for adolescents and adults
  • Institutional and community treatment were associated with reduced recidivism
  • CBT elements are important
• Olver et al. (2011) found that 27.6% of offenders drop out of treatment