Lec 8/ human trafficking guest

Question 1

• Human Trafficking definition
• 3 Elements of human trafficking
  
  • those under age of 18 conditions
• ST Prevalence
  
  • 2 reasons
  • reported cases
  • ST prevalence in CAN
    
    • gender
    • group
    • age

Answer 1

• Definition recruit, transport, control ppl for forced labor

Elements of human trafficking

• 1 Act: recruit, transport, control ppl
• 2 Means – How it’s done
• 3 Purpose – Why it’s done
  
  • sex, labor/ slave, organs
• Example
  
  • Act: Recruit neighbour
  • Means: con (promise good pay)
  • Purpose: cheap labour
• Ex. Restaurant/ sex trafficking
  
  • Act: recruiit and fly person to NYC
  • Means: job ad
  • Purpose: sex work
• Ex. factory worker
  
  • Act: recuit & tricked
  • Purpose: forced labour
  • NOTE: human trafficking (under 18 yo) only has 2 elements – Act & Purpose

Prevalence: High prevalence due to high reward w/ little risk

• $30k cash to traffic one human
• ST: When pull-overed, there are humans (no drugs, weapons) → less likely to get caught
• Sometimes ppl are afraid to say they are being trafficked
• 16k reported Trafficking
  
  • Many ppl do not report, esp marginalized
• 90% ST
• Mostly F & LGBTQ+ groups, under 25 yo

Question 2

Sex work spectrum

• choice
• circumstance
• coerced
  
  • Legal exploitation

Types of Trafficking

• Labour exploitation
  
  • 2 main types
    
    • Sexual exploitation*
• Organ harvesting
  
  • main organs
  • 3 ways to take organs
  • Common in CAN?
• Forced marriage
• Domestic servitude*
  
  • locations
• Forced criminality*
  
  • youth and begging
  • tax credits
• Child soldiers*
  
  • age
  • roles
  • other abuse

Answer 2

“Sex Work Spectrum”

• Choice – A person chooses to do sex work
  
  • VOLUNTARY & PROFIT
• Circumstance – believes it’s his or her only choice; nobody else profits from the sex worker
  
  • E.g., Having an addictions issue, feels it’s necessary
• Coercion – forced & no profit; someone else
  
  • human trafficking
• Legal exploitation: paid min wage, person lives in poverty line
• Types
• 1 Labour exploitation
  
  • forced to work for little/no money
  • under threat of punishment.
    
    • International exploitation (ex. Mex → Canada winery)
    • Domestic exploitation – w/in country
      
      • In Canada – mainly is domestic sex trafficking
• 2 Sexual exploitation
  
  • Sex work is labor; subtype of labor exploitation
  • forced to fuck
  • Trafficking in Canada: 95% domestic sexual t
• 3 Organ harvesting
  
  • usually kidneys and livers
  • Ways to take organs
    
    • Trade – not paid promised price
    • Ailments – tell person has a “fake disease” → remove organ w/o consent
    • Extortion – kidnapped by family to remove organs
  • Less common in Canada
• 4 Forced marriage
  
  • gain access to country and gain benefits
• 5 Domestic servitude
  
  • home maid working for long hours w/ little pay; maybe abused
  • In a private home or community/commune
• 6 Forced criminality
  
  • many ways
  • Ex. deliberately injure youth, so when they beg, they can get more money
  • abuse victim to get their credentials to get tax credits, welfare benefits
• 7 Child soldiers
  
  • 4-18 yo
  • frontline combat or auxiliary roles (kitchen/informant)
  • Sexually abused
  • common in Africa and Asia.

Question 3

DST

• prevalence in CAN
• pimp - ?
• Myths and misconceptions
  
  • awareness
  • relationship
  • means
  • underaged
  • Method to coerce
  • drugs
  • consent
• Avg age of victim
• Avg age of pimp

Answer 3

Domestic sex trafficking (DST)

• Most prevalent in Toronto/Canada (70% of all trafficking)
• Pimp = trafficker

Myths and misconceptions

• Most ppl have no idea they are being trafficked
• Someone you know, mostly BF are traffickers
• Not kidnapped
  
  • Many are underaged, going to school
  • Pimp drives them to and back; b4 curfew
• Physical violence: uncommon
  
  • don’t want to hurt their “product”
  • They often use psychological manipulation
• Drug use: uncommon
  
  • Usually introduced as smth fun
  • When drugs are introduced as smth fun, victims often use it as a coping mechanism
• Consent: You cannot consent to being to human trafficking due to psychological manipulation
• Gender: reported mainly F
  
  • M and marginalized gps cases, underreported
• Age
  
  • Most victims are under 25
  • Most traffickers are around that age (not old ppl)
    
    • When marketed as a “BF” there are fewer eyebrows raied (ex. 22 yo BF vs 43 yo)

Question 4

Stages of commercial exploitation

• 1 Luring
  
  • 2 steps
• 2 Grooming & Gaming
  
  • honeymoon stage
  • drugs
• 3 Coercion & Manipulation
  
  • red flags
  • moral boundaries
    
    • 3 step process (+ve r)
  • Confinement & isolation
• 4 Exploitation
  
  • direct way
  • insidious way
  • other way
• 5 recruitment

Answer 4

• 1. Luring
     * 1 Assessing - look for vulnerable ppl (ex. poor, low SE)
     * 2. Collecting info
     
     • Sound like person want to know you; see gif any psych needs are not met
     • You feel special
• 2. Grooming & Gaming – meet missing needs
     * Honeymoon stage – all needs are finally being met
     
     • Ex. person needs food (basic need), pimp treats victim to $200 dinner
     • It’s nothing to them as they are getting $30k from trafficking
       * May begin illicit drug use
     • Ex. introduce drugs in a fun way
• 3. Coercion & Manipulation
     * No red flags b4; Red flags pop up in this stage
     
     • push moral boundaries via +ve r
       
       • 1 Pimp ignores victim
       • 2 Victim needs to do smth to get affection back
         
         • threesome, take nude pic, lie to police
       • 3 compliance → get drugs/money
         
         • After sex, they get money → associate sex w/ +ve things
         • Confinement & isolation
     • you don’t like parents → persuade you to move out → no social support system
• 4. Exploitation (victim broke down, time to exploit them)
     * Direct way: you live under my roof, you owe me, you need to pay back → force them to sex work
     * Insidious way: you want this dream life → it’s expensive, we need money → you do sex work and get cash, Ii won’t judge → Victim usually say yes
     * Threatens safety of loved ones
• 5. Recruitment
     * Pimp offers victim a job to be a pimp
     * Helps victim feel powerful and important

Question 5

• Warning signs
• Needs competition
• Stages of change model: 6 stages
• 3 reasons for relapse
• Stages of change model that are points of intervention
• Trauma & Violence informed approaches
  
  • assumption
  • language

Answer 5

• With a person who speaks for them
• Story is vague
• multiple sexual partner
• No family/support
• Inappropriate clothing
• trafficking language
• Secretive
• Unexplained money: clothes, hair, jewelry
• 2 phones or changing phone numbers often
• • Traffickers meet all needs (based on Maslow’s Hierarchy)
• service providers compete w/ trafficker to meet needs for victim

Stages of change model

• (pre) contemplate → prep → action → Maintain → relapse/exit situation
• 3 reasons for relapse
  
  • 1. physical violence
  • 2. fear of the unknown (no shelter)
  • 3. Trauma bond (pimp gives attention, then ignores, then give it back repeatedly)

Stages of change as points of intervention

• Precontemplation
• Contemplation: explore pros/cons, needs
• Preparation: psycho-edu
• Action: process trauma
  
  • Planning their preferred change
  • Harmful to process trauma during “prep” stage (aka still being trafficked)
• Maintenance:
  
  • Reconnect w/ trusted support system
  • goal planning
  • need tb Motivated to leave

Trauma & Violence informed approaches

• assumes all going thru trauma
• Uses language and responses that prevent re-traumatization.

Question 6

Risk & vulnerability factors

Answer 6

Risk & vulnerability factors

• Low SE
• Problems with family
• Lack of social support
• sex trade
• minority
• poor
• Female