LEC 8 NUCLEOTIDES/NUCLEIC ACID

Question 1

What are nucleotides?

Answer 1

Monomers of Nucleic acids

Question 2

Name the 3 parts that makes up nucleotides?

Answer 2

1. Nitrogen base
2. Penrose sugar
3. Phosphate

Question 3

Define Nitrogen base?

Answer 3

Contains nitrogen with hydrocarbon ring structure

Question 4

Name two types of nitrogen base?

Answer 4

Purines & Pyrimidines

Question 5

List the components of ‘purine’

Answer 5

Have:
Double ring, Adenine(A) & Guanine(G)

Question 6

Lost the components of ‘purine’

Answer 6

Have:
Double ring, Adenine(A) & Guanine(G)

Question 7

What are the monomers of ‘nucleic acid’?

Answer 7

RNA,DNA & ATP

Question 8

What are ‘pyrimidines’?

Answer 8

Have:
Single ring, Cytosine(C), Thymine(T) & Uracil(U)

Question 9

Define ‘Pentose sugar’

Answer 9

Has 5 Carbon

Question 10

Name the two types of ‘Pentose sugar’

Answer 10

-Ribose
-Deoxyribose

Question 11

Define ‘Phosphate’

Answer 11

Phosphate group - covalent bound to pentose sugar

Question 12

How many ‘phosphate groups’ does a ‘Nucleotide’ have?

Answer 12

1-3

Question 13

What is ‘Adenosine Triphosphate’ (ATP)?

Answer 13

Main source of energy

Question 14

What is the structure of ATP

Answer 14

Has: ‘Adenine’ attach to ‘Ribose’
Forms: Adenosine & ‘3 Phosphate groups,

Question 15

ATP STRUCTURE EXPLAINED

Answer 15

1. Adenine + Ribose
   = Adenosine & 3 phosphate groups
2. Adenosine + 1 Phosphate
   = Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
3. Adenosine + 2 Phospahte
   = Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
4. Adenosine + 3 Phosphate
   = Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 16

Adenosine with one (1) phosphate is ___?

Adenosine with two (2) phosphate is ___?

Adenosine with Three (3) phosphate is __?

Answer 16

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 17

T/F
ATP is made by adding a third phosphate to ADP?

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

How is Energy released from ATP?

Answer 18

Hydrolysis

(The bond is broken)

Question 19

When ATP bond is broken to release energy, what is the result?

Answer 19

ADP + 1 phosphate

Question 20

What’s the use of ATP(energy)?

Answer 20

Drives Cellular processes

Question 21

What are Nucleic Acids?

Answer 21

Polymers of linked nucleotides

Question 22

T/F
A chain of nucleotides = Nucleic acids?

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

How are Nucleotides linked?

Answer 23

Dehydration synthesis

Question 24

A phosphate group of one nucleotide attaches to the sugar of the next by a _____________?

Answer 24

Polar covalent bond

Question 25

Define DNA?

Answer 25

Blue print of proteins

Question 26

T/F DNA is composed of ‘Double helix’? How is a double helix formed?

Answer 26

- TRUE - 2 twisted strands of nucleotides

Question 27

What type of sugar does DNA contains?

Answer 27

Deoxyribose Note: It’s called deoxyribose because - missing one carbon

Question 28

What are the bases of DNA?

Answer 28

A-G-C-T Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

Question 29

What holds the double helix together? (Two strands)

Answer 29

Hydrogen bond

Question 30

What are the two “Complimentary base pairing”?

Answer 30

Adenine - thymine _2 hydrogen bonds Guanine - Cytosine _3 hydrogen bonds A-T G-C

Question 31

What are the two “Complimentary base pairing”?

Answer 31

Adenine - thymine _2 hydrogen bonds Guanine - Cytosine _3 hydrogen bonds A-T G-C

Question 32

What is the name of the DNA segment that stores the recipe to make proteins?

Answer 32

Gene

Question 33

Define ‘Gene’?

Answer 33

Contains info needed to make proteins

Question 34

Define ‘protein synthesis’?

Answer 34

The process of creating proteins Amino acids > proteins

Question 35

What is the function of RNA?

Answer 35

Assemble amino acids sequence

Question 36

T/F RNA only stays within the nucleus?

Answer 36

FALSE Carries info of how to assemble proteins outside nucleus

Question 37

What are the bases of RNA?

Answer 37

Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine

Question 38

What is the complimentary pairing of RNA bases?

Answer 38

A>U G>C

Question 39

What sugar does RNA contain?

Answer 39

Ribose

Question 40

What are the two main functions of RNA?

Answer 40

-Transcription (coping of a gene) -Translation (converting it into amino acids)

Question 41

What is DNA synthesis? (Replication)

Answer 41

New DNA strands made from old DNA (by enzyme - polymerase)

Question 42

DNA strands are separated (unwind) by an enzyme called _____?

Answer 42

Helicase

Question 43

T/F DNA synthesis starts when ‘Helicase’ unwind strands?

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

What’s is the function of the enzyme called ‘Primase’?

Answer 44

Builds RNA primer Primer - replicate short RNA sequence

Question 45

What is the function of RNA primer

Answer 45

Gives DNA polymerase place to build DNA strand

Question 46

What’s the function of DNA polymerase?

Answer 46

Makes addition for free nucleotides

Question 47

What is ‘Semi-Conservative replication’?

Answer 47

Replication of Identical double helices (1 old & 1 new strand)