LEC 8 NUCLEOTIDES/NUCLEIC ACID Flashcards
What are nucleotides?
Monomers of Nucleic acids
Name the 3 parts that makes up nucleotides?
- Nitrogen base
- Penrose sugar
- Phosphate
Define Nitrogen base?
Contains nitrogen with hydrocarbon ring structure
Name two types of nitrogen base?
Purines & Pyrimidines
List the components of ‘purine’
Have:
Double ring, Adenine(A) & Guanine(G)
Lost the components of ‘purine’
Have:
Double ring, Adenine(A) & Guanine(G)
What are the monomers of ‘nucleic acid’?
RNA,DNA & ATP
What are ‘pyrimidines’?
Have:
Single ring, Cytosine(C), Thymine(T) & Uracil(U)
Define ‘Pentose sugar’
Has 5 Carbon
Name the two types of ‘Pentose sugar’
-Ribose
-Deoxyribose
Define ‘Phosphate’
Phosphate group - covalent bound to pentose sugar
How many ‘phosphate groups’ does a ‘Nucleotide’ have?
1-3
What is ‘Adenosine Triphosphate’ (ATP)?
Main source of energy
What is the structure of ATP
Has: ‘Adenine’ attach to ‘Ribose’
Forms: Adenosine & ‘3 Phosphate groups,
ATP STRUCTURE EXPLAINED
- Adenine + Ribose
= Adenosine & 3 phosphate groups - Adenosine + 1 Phosphate
= Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) - Adenosine + 2 Phospahte
= Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) - Adenosine + 3 Phosphate
= Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine with one (1) phosphate is ___?
Adenosine with two (2) phosphate is ___?
Adenosine with Three (3) phosphate is __?
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
T/F
ATP is made by adding a third phosphate to ADP?
TRUE
How is Energy released from ATP?
Hydrolysis
(The bond is broken)
When ATP bond is broken to release energy, what is the result?
ADP + 1 phosphate
What’s the use of ATP(energy)?
Drives Cellular processes
What are Nucleic Acids?
Polymers of linked nucleotides
T/F
A chain of nucleotides = Nucleic acids?
TRUE
How are Nucleotides linked?
Dehydration synthesis
A phosphate group of one nucleotide attaches to the sugar of the next by a _____________?
Polar covalent bond
Define DNA?
Blue print of proteins
T/F
DNA is composed of ‘Double helix’?
How is a double helix formed?
- TRUE
- 2 twisted strands of nucleotides
What type of sugar does DNA contains?
Deoxyribose
Note:
It’s called deoxyribose because - missing one carbon
What are the bases of DNA?
A-G-C-T
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
What holds the double helix together?
(Two strands)
Hydrogen bond
What are the two “Complimentary base pairing”?
Adenine - thymine _2 hydrogen bonds
Guanine - Cytosine _3 hydrogen bonds
A-T G-C
What are the two “Complimentary base pairing”?
Adenine - thymine _2 hydrogen bonds
Guanine - Cytosine _3 hydrogen bonds
A-T G-C
What is the name of the DNA segment that stores the recipe to make proteins?
Gene
Define ‘Gene’?
Contains info needed to make proteins
Define ‘protein synthesis’?
The process of creating proteins
Amino acids > proteins
What is the function of RNA?
Assemble amino acids sequence
T/F
RNA only stays within the nucleus?
FALSE
Carries info of how to assemble proteins outside nucleus
What are the bases of RNA?
Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine
What is the complimentary pairing of RNA bases?
A>U
G>C
What sugar does RNA contain?
Ribose
What are the two main functions of RNA?
-Transcription (coping of a gene)
-Translation (converting it into amino acids)
What is DNA synthesis?
(Replication)
New DNA strands made from old DNA
(by enzyme - polymerase)
DNA strands are separated (unwind) by an enzyme called _____?
Helicase
T/F
DNA synthesis starts when ‘Helicase’ unwind strands?
TRUE
What’s is the function of the enzyme called ‘Primase’?
Builds RNA primer
Primer - replicate short RNA sequence
What is the function of RNA primer
Gives DNA polymerase place to build DNA strand
What’s the function of DNA polymerase?
Makes addition for free nucleotides
What is ‘Semi-Conservative replication’?
Replication of Identical double helices
(1 old & 1 new strand)