Lec. 7 Extractive Foraging Flashcards
Humans are the only animals that combine the use of different tools for a given task. True /False?
False, chimpanzees can combine the use of different tools (hammer and stick) to get to endosperm of seeds.
Do chimpanzees in the wild break stone to use the sharp edges of broken stone?
So far there is no evidence that they do so.
What is the evidence that 4000 year-old stone tools were used for cracking nuts??
Starch granules characteristic of local nuts.
Give two examples of commonly used human tools from before farming and metallurgy that chimpanzee have never been seen using.
- string, 2. containers
Do complex knowledge niches favor larger brains across mammals, say primates and carnivores?
No, apparently only in some primates.
African hunting dogs live in the African Savannah. Do chimpanzee and hunting
dog ranges overlap?
Yes, in places like Southern Tanzania.
How were tannins traditionally removed from acorns?
By leaching with lots of water
How can one remove tannins from acorns without the use of pots?
By using (mortars), gourds, sand or animal skin.
How many principle modes of stone tools have been identified across human
evolution?
Five
The oldest stone tools found correspond with the age of the genus Homo.
True/False?
False, stone tools that are 3 million years old prove that such tools were already made and used by the genus Australopithecus.
Why is the name Acheulean hand axe somewhat unfortunate?
Because the oldest examples of these tools appeared over a million years earlier in Africa.
Briefly describe the five types of stone tools made by human ancestors:
- rock with few ridges for smashing and cracking things.
- bifaces,
3.hand axes, symmetrical cores giving rise to multiple blades - smaller flakes combined with wood and bone tools
- tiny blades hafted into projectile weapons
What is the great advantage of Levallois type stone tools”
“Levallois” Cores, allow to generate new sharp blades with a single strike.
What are the three major periods of stone age called?
Early, Middle, Later Stone age.
When you eat peanuts, do peanut proteins appear in your blood after you have digested them?
Mostly not, although larger protein fragments can appear in the blood.
What monosaccharides does the digestion of starch, sucrose and lactose give you in each case?
starch->glucose; sucrose->glucose and fructose; lactose-> glucose and galactose.
How many different amino acids make up our proteins?
About twenty
Which sources of energy are used by the brain and liver for energy supply respectively?
Glucose and ketone bodies, liver fatty acids.
How is breast feeding akin to an “across the board immunization”?
The maternal antibodies taken up from breast milk attenuate the infections in the infant (they do not block infection but limit disease) and thus act like immunizations
How can functioning antibodies from breastmilk pass into the circulation of the infant, given that digestion usually takes apart proteins?
The neonatal stomach is much less harsh and infants express special receptors in their gut that can mature maternal antibodies and transport these into the blood.
How can breast mill influence the microbiome of the newborn?
Direct delivery of microbes (milk is not sterile), delivery of milk oligosaccharides that favor good microbes and block bad microbes.
