lec 7 Flashcards
learning
What is Learning?
Change in one’s actions, thoughts or emotions as a result of ________.
What is Conditioning?
Forming ________ between stimuli.
What is Classical Conditioning?
Form of learning in which one responds to a ________ stimulus that has been ________ with another stimulus which elicits an automatic response.
What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?
Elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning.
What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?
Response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a (previously) neutral stimulus through ________.
The strength of the CR depends on what?
The ________ the CS & UCS are ________ together.
What is Acquisition in Classical Conditioning?
The ________ of CS & UCS increasing the strength of the CR.
What happens during Extinction?
The CS is presented repeatedly ________ resulting in the gradual ________ of the CR.
What is Stimulus Generalization?
New CS that are ________, but ________, to the original CS elicit a CR.
What is Stimulus Discrimination?
Displaying a less pronounced CR to CS that ________ the original CS.
What is Higher-Order Conditioning?
When one develops a ________ to a CS due to its association with another ________.
What is Operant Conditioning?
Type of learning that is controlled by the ________ of one’s behaviours.
What is Positive Reinforcement?
________ a pleasant stimulus in the organism’s environment to ________ a behaviour.
What is Negative Reinforcement?
________ an unpleasant stimulus from the organism’s environment to ________ a behaviour.
What is Punishment?
Any ________ that makes a behaviour ________ likely to occur.
What is the difference between Positive and Negative Punishment?
________ punishment: ________ an unpleasant stimulus in the organism’s environment to ________ a behaviour; ________ punishment: ________ a pleasant stimulus from the organism’s environment to ________ a behaviour.
Which is more effective in the long run: reinforcement or punishment?
________ works better than ________.
What is a Discriminative Stimulus?
Stimulus that is associated with the ________.
What is Continuous Reinforcement?
Reinforcing a behaviour ________ it occurs.
What is Partial Reinforcement?
Only occasional reinforcement of behaviour.
What is a Fixed Ratio Schedule?
Reinforcement provided following a regular number of responses.
What is a Variable Ratio Schedule?
Reinforcement provided after a specific number of responses on average, with the number of responses varying randomly.
What is a Fixed Interval Schedule?
Reinforcement provided for a response following a specified time interval.
What is a Variable Interval Schedule?
Reinforcement provided for a response in changing/random time intervals.
What is an Extinction Burst?
An initial increase in intensity of the undesired behaviour shortly after ________.
What is the main difference between Classical and Operant Conditioning?
In classical conditioning, the response is ‘________’ (elicited); in operant conditioning, a ________ behaviour or response is developed (emitted).
What is an application of Classical Conditioning in advertising?
Pairing products with pictures of ________ to establish classically conditioned connections.
What is Habituation?
The process by which we respond ________ over time to repeated stimuli.
What is Black Box Psychology?
Input (possible consequence) and Output (observable behaviour).
