lec 6 Flashcards
consciousness
What is Consciousness?
One’s _____________ of the world, one’s body & mental perspective.
Alterations in consciousness can be experienced through:
- Subliminal perception
- Sleep-related experiences
- Hypnosis
What is sleep paralysis?
Being unable to move just before falling asleep or right before waking up.
What causes sleep paralysis?
A disruption in sleep cycle.
What percentage of people experience sleep paralysis?
10%.
What is sleepwalking?
Walking while being fully asleep.
A sleepwalking person often acts like a _____________.
A normal person.
What percentage of children and adults occasionally sleepwalk?
- ~13-15% of children
- 4-5% of adults.
What is one cause of sleepwalking?
Sleep deprivation.
Some degree of ________________ occurs during sleep.
Consciousness.
Consciousness is __________ & occurs on _____________.
- Dynamic
- A continuum.
What can sleep deprivation result in?
- Depression
- Difficulties learning new information or paying attention
- Slowed reaction times
- Hallucinations
- Less vigorous immune response to viral infections.
What does an Electroencephalogram (EEG) measure?
Brain activity to distinguish between different stages of sleep & wakefulness.
What type of brain waves are produced when brain activity is increased?
Gamma brain waves.
What type of brain waves are produced when brain activity is decreased?
Theta brain waves.
What is the duration of Stage 1 sleep?
~5-10 minutes.
Stage 1 sleep is characterized by ________ waves.
Theta.
In Stage 1 sleep, brain activity is slower than when in an:
- Awake & alert state
- Awake & relaxed state
- Awake & concentrating/problem solving.
What may be experienced during Stage 1 sleep?
- Hypnagogic hallucinations
- Myoclonic jerks.
What percentage of our sleep is spent in Stage 2?
~65%.
What does EEG show in Stage 2 sleep?
- Sleep spindles
- K-complexes.
Stages 3 & 4 are characterized by __________ sleep.
Deep slow-wave sleep.
What percentage of their sleep do adults spend in deep sleep?
40%.
What percentage of their sleep do children spend in deep sleep?
1/4.
What characterizes Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep?
High-frequency waves resembling waves in wakefulness.
What occurs during REM sleep?
Dreaming.
REM sleep is __________ when entered toward the early morning.
Longer.
Stages ____________ are non-REM (NREM) sleep.
1-4.
When deprived of REM sleep, we experience ____________.
REM rebound.
Dreams during REM sleep are ____________.
More vivid and narrative.
Dreams during NREM sleep are ____________.
Less vivid and fragmented.
Does everyone dream?
Yes, but some may not remember their dreams.
Why do we dream?
- Processing emotional memories
- Integrating new experiences with established memories
- Reorganizing & combining memories.
What is the most common type of sleep disturbance?
Insomnia.
What is insomnia characterized by?
Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
What percentage of people suffer from insomnia?
~9-20%.
What do sleeping pills create?
Dependence and may disrupt normal sleep architecture.
What is narcolepsy?
Experiencing uncontrollable sleep attacks lasting a few seconds or minutes.
What happens when someone with narcolepsy falls asleep?
They immediately enter into REM sleep.
What is sleep apnea caused by?
A blockage of the airway during sleep.
What can lack of air and a build-up of carbon dioxide lead to?
Many health problems.
What is effective for treating sleep apnea?
- Surgery
- Facemasks.
What is hypnosis?
A person administers imaginative suggestions to another to produce changes in their consciousness.
What begins the process of hypnosis?
An induction.
People differ in their _____________________ to hypnotic suggestions.
Susceptibility.
What is subliminal perception?
Processing sensory information at a level below the threshold of conscious awareness.
What does ‘sub’ mean in subliminal?
Below.
What does ‘limen’ mean in subliminal?
Threshold.
What is a research flaw related to participant behavior?
Reactivity.
What is social desirability bias?
Participants answer questions to appear better than they actually are.
What does an unrepresentative sample affect?
Generalizability of the study’s findings.
What is a confounding variable?
A variable that varies between the experimental & control groups.
What is necessary to determine the effect of the independent variable?
A control group.
What does validity refer to in research?
The extent to which a study accurately measures what it intends to measure.
