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Bio Med Multiple Test > Lec 6 Nervous System Anatomy > Flashcards

Lec 6 Nervous System Anatomy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS) made of?

A

the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, subcortical structures and the brain stem) and the spinal cord.

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2
Q

What nerves connect the PNS and CNS?

A

Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves as well as the sensory receptors, found outside of the bone

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3
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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4
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?

A

It governs involuntary activities of the muscles. (smooth muscles).

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5
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System can be further divided into …

A

The sympathetic nervous system and the Parasympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do?

A

Sympathetic responses include vasoconstriction (constriction of the blood vessels), increase in blood pressure, dilation of the pupils, cardiac acceleration and goose bumps, sweat etc… also known as the ‘flight, fight or fright response’

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7
Q

What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do?

A

Opposite of the sympathetic responses, it conserves energy after you exit a feared situation for example. Includes slowing the heart rate, reduction of blood pressure and constriction of the pupils.

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8
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System do?

A

Involves activities that are under our control. Involves the skeletal system, (voluntary)

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9
Q

In the PNS you have the afferent sensory system which are…

A

Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain,

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10
Q

In the PNS you have the efferent (motor) sensory system which can be divided into…

A

Somatic and Autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

Nerves connecting to the CNS PNS

A
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves originating in the brain

- 31 pairs of spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord

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12
Q

Types of cells of the nervous system

A

1 - Neurons or Nerve Cells. (transmit electric signals)
2- Supporting cells, ‘neuroglia’

** half of each in the CNS

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13
Q

What are neurons?

A

They are functional building blocks of the nervous system and are unique as they are communicating tissue, Their function is to transmit information.

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14
Q

What are supporting cells? i.e neuroglia

A

Neuroglia cells support the neurons in storing information,

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15
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

Includes the:
- Dendrites (transmits information toward the soma, recieves incoming info)

  • Soma (or cell body, passes down the elctric system to the axon)
  • Axon (transmits information away from the soma, typically one of them, like the cable of the cell. Vary in size, sometimes branch but not very often, from the axon it reaches to the synaptic region where it is passed on to another cell. Happens in the axon terminals)
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16
Q

What is Myelin Sheath?

A

Myelin is a white fatty wrapping that surrounds the axon, it is made up of Schwann cells (supporting cells) in the PNS that repeatedly wraps itself around the axon and Oligodendrocytes in the CNS. With this wrapping the axons are able to conduct impulses at a much greater rate then those that do not have myelin.

Myelin is segmented so that it resembles hot dog buns linked together around the axon.

17
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier?

A

These are the areas between the myelinated segments (hot dog bun like shaped). It is where the electrical signals are regenerated. Gaps in the myelin sheath of an axon.

18
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes cells?

A

Supporting cells that make myelin in the CNS

19
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Schwann cells (supporting cells) in the PNS that repeatedly wraps itself around the axon and creates myelin.

20
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A
  • Star-shaped with ‘feet’ covering blood vessels
  • Has a role in damage repair
  • Important for blood brain barrier
  • Main source of CNS tumours = Gliomas
21
Q

What does synapse mean?

A

Indicates an action of communication between two neurons

22
Q

What do the Dendrites do?

A
  • Dendrites (transmits information toward the soma)
23
Q

What does the Axon do?

A
  • Axon (transmits information away from the soma, typically one of them, like the cable of the cell.)
24
Q

What are microglias?

A

Normally ‘dormant’ but involved in CNS injury and inflammation, moves to the damaged site and releases cytokines to attract other immune cells and ‘clean up’ debris.

25
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A collection of neurons

26
Q

What are the 2 theories about the NS?

A
  1. Reticular - nervous system is a series of tubes

2. Cell theory - nervous system is composed of a series of cells.

27
Q

Stages that the NS goes through?

A

** known as the Reflex Arc, (motions)

  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor - takes the stimulus and transmits it into an electric signal
  3. Sensory/afferent - receptor is connected to the sensory neuron. This signal is taken to the CNS (brain, spinal chord)
  4. Response, the CNS comes up with a response
  5. Effector (muscle) the CNS then sends another electric signal to our muscles and sometimes the glands.
  6. Motor/efferent -
28
Q

Types of muscles

A

Skeletal - striated (stripes), voluntary, and forceful. Most of our muscles are skeletal.

Cardiac - striated, involuntary, forceful

Smooth muscle - found within the lining of organs, digestive, respiratory etc.. unstriated (smooth, no stripes), not forceful, it contracts slowly and its involuntary

*** any contraction that happens in our bodies are due to these 3 muscles.

29
Q

Ependymar cells…

A

Fuel the cerebral spinal fluid. Supporting cells. A barrier between the cerebral spinal fluid and the interstitiao fluid. Limit movement of cells/large molecules between the two

30
Q

How can the cell change in terms of charge?

A

In 2 ways:

  1. Hyperpolansation - more negative
  2. Depolarisation - more positive
31
Q

What is an action potential?

A

AP is a change in electrical potential that occurs when the cell membrane is stimulated adequately to permit ion exchange between itra and extracellular spaces.

32
Q

What are the two forces that can act on an ion?

A
  1. Chemical force - an ion, if allowed, will move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
  2. Electrostatic force. An ion will be attracted to the opposite polarity.
33
Q

What governs voluntary actions?

A

the Cerebrum and Somatic Nervous System

34
Q

What is responsible for coordinating movement?

A

Cerebellum

35
Q

What governs all your involuntary activities?

A

the Autonomic Nervous system

36
Q

What is the difference between efferent and afferent?

A

Efferent = information directed from the brain

Afferent = information directed toward the brain

Bio Med Multiple Test (6 decks)

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