Lec 3 Respiration

Question 1

Define Respiration

Answer 1

Respiration is the exchange of gas between an organism (body) and its environment

Question 2

Number of cycles

Answer 2

2 cycles.

• Inspiration (breathing in)
• Expiration (breathing out)

Question 3

What are the stages of respiration?

Answer 3

1. Ventilation
2. Diffusion
3. Distribution
4. Perfusion

Question 4

Average Volume

Answer 4

6 to 8 litres of air per minute, depends on body size, gender, age and height

Question 5

Average Frequency

Answer 5

12 to 18 cycles per minute

Question 6

What is the thorax?

Answer 6

The upper space of the human body, barrel shape-like.

superior placement: 1st rib and clavicle

anterior placement: ribs and sternum

interior placement: 12th rib

posterior placement: ribs and vertebrates

Question 7

Ribs

Answer 7

12 pairs of them, often referred to as ‘7 true ribs’, ‘3 false ribs’ and 2 ‘floating ribs’.

• True ribs are the anterior articulation with sternum (they are attached to the sternum)
• 3 false ribs are the 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs—false ribs—do not join the sternum directly but are connected to the 7th rib by cartilage.
• the 2 floating ribs are kept in place my muscle wraps, connect at the back also.

Question 8

Sternum

Answer 8

known as the ‘breast bone’. The flat bone in the chest.

Question 9

What are the 5 parts of the vertebral column?

Answer 9

1. Cervical
2. Thoracic, i.e the thorax with the true, false and floating ribs
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
5. Coccygeal

Question 10

What is meant by atlas vertebrae?

Answer 10

In anatomy, the atlas (C1) is the most superior (first) cervical vertebra of the spine. It is named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, because it supports the globe of the head which is the skull.

Question 11

What is meant by the axis vertebrae?

Answer 11

In anatomy, the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine is named the axis (from Latin axis, “axle”) or epistropheus. By the atlanto-axial joint, it forms the pivot upon which the first cervical vertebra (the atlas), which carries the head, rotates

Question 12

Where are the cervical vertebrates found?

Answer 12

Top part of the spine, the first 7 vertebrates, named C1 - C7

Question 13

What is the Vertebral Foremen?

Answer 13

The gap in the vertebrata, where the spinal cord is with all the neurons sending signals to the brain

Question 14

Where does the skull rest?

Answer 14

C1 (supports the brain for rotation) and C2 (gives the skull the ability to move)

Question 15

How many thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 15

12, named T1 - T12

Question 16

What is the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 16

They provide the basis for the respiratory framework as they form the posterior point of attachment for the ribs of the bony thorax.

Question 17

How many Lumbar Vertebrates are there?

Answer 17

5. L1 - L5

Question 18

What are the lumbar vertebrates?

Answer 18

they are larger than the cervical and thoracic region as they have more stress placed on them due to lifting or ambulation, i.e walking. Provide direct and indirect attachment for the back and abdominal muscles.

Question 19

What are the two zones of the respiratory system?

Answer 19

Functionally, the respiratory system is separated into a conducting zone and respiratory zone.

Question 20

What is the conductive zone made up of?

Answer 20

The mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi

Question 21

What is the trachea?

Answer 21

18 horse shaped cartilage. i.e. the ‘breathing tube’ under the larynx

Question 22

What is the conductive zone?

Answer 22

These structures form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs

Question 23

What is the bronchi?

Answer 23

2 major tubes that connect the trachea into the lungs

Question 24

What is the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

Answer 24

made up of the lungs, bronchi and bronchioles

Question 25

What are bronchioles?

Answer 25

The smaller branches of the respiratory tree. they are the passages through which air is directed from the nose and mouth to the alveoli (air sacs) at the end of the respiratory tree

Question 26

Mucous membrane

Answer 26

bones inside the nose are covered by a layer of cells that warm and humidify the air

Question 27

Motile cilia

Answer 27

hairlike processes that constantly beat in a single direction

Question 28

Goblet cells

Answer 28

secrete lubricant to trap smaller particles as they enter the larynx

Question 29

Pleural connection

Answer 29

each lung is lined by a closed sac. insures that the lungs are kept expanded in the thorax

Question 30

Visceral pleura

Answer 30

lines the walls of the thorax

Question 31

parietal pleura

Answer 31

lines the walls of the thorax. the two pleurals connect to each other but are not attached

Question 32

how does breathing work ?, i.e. changing the dimensions of the thorax and how is this achieved

Answer 32

there are muscles connected to the rib cage i.e neck, back muscles etc. When you breathe in you extend the dimensions of the thorax (pushing the ribs forward, lifting the rib cage so to speak, called costal breathing)

Diaphragmatic breathing:: changing the vertical dimensions of the thorax by contracting the diaphragm muscle.

The lungs increases in dimension.

Question 33

Boyle’s law

Answer 33

Pressure and volume of gases are inversely proportional.

if you increase the space, the pressure inside decreases, and vice versa

Question 34

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 34

important muscle in speech.
the diaphragm is a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest. It contracts and flattens when you inhale. This creates a vacuum effect that pulls air into the lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the air is pushed out of lungs.

Question 35

intercostales externi and interni.

Answer 35

The outer layer of muscles between the ribs, originating on the lower margin of each rib and inserted on the upper margin of the next rib. During inspiration, they draw adjacent ribs together, pulling them upward and outward, and increasing the volume of the chest cavity.

Question 36

Tidal volume

Answer 36

the volume of air inspired and expired in a cycle of respiration

Question 37

inspiratory reserve

Answer 37

air inspired beyond tidal expiration.

e.g breathe in and out and become aware of your breaths, after a few ins and outs, stop breathing at the end of one of your inspirations. This is the peak of tidal inspiration. Instead of breathing out, breathe in as deeply as you can. The amount of air you have taken in after stopping is the inspiratory reserve.

Question 38

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 38

air expired beyond tidal expiration

e.g breathe in and out and become aware of your breaths, after a few ins and outs, stop breathing at the end of one of your expirations. then expire as much as you can and this is expiratory reserve volume. also known as resting lung volume

Question 39

residual volume

Answer 39

air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

Question 40

dead air

Answer 40

air that cannot partake in gas exchange

Question 41

vital capacity

Answer 41

is the volume of air that can be inspired after a maximal expiration. Includes inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

Question 42

functional residual capacity

Answer 42

is the air that remains in the body after passive exhalation. Includes expiratory reserve and residual volumes

Question 43

total lung capacity

Answer 43

represents the sum of all lung volumes

Question 44

inspiratory capacity

Answer 44

is the volume that can be inspired from resting lung volume

Question 45

Volume?

Answer 45

the amount of air each compartment of the respiratory system can hold

Question 46

Capacities?

Answer 46

refers to the combinations of volumes that express physiological limits

Question 47

Difference between breathing for life and breathing for speech?

Answer 47

For speech, we inspire and prolong expiration by contracting expiratory volume. Notice we take in a little more air for speech than for quiet breathing and the inspiratory phase is abrupt.

The biggest difference between speech breathing and relaxation breathing is in the expiratory phase. For speech, the expiratory phase is much longer, more drawn out. For speech, the inspiratory phase is 10% and the expiratory phase is 90%. For breathing, both are closer to 50%.

Question 48

What are alveoli?

Answer 48

The alveoli are intimately related with vascular supply. they are any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange