Lec 3 Respiration Flashcards
Define Respiration
Respiration is the exchange of gas between an organism (body) and its environment
Number of cycles
2 cycles.
- Inspiration (breathing in)
- Expiration (breathing out)
What are the stages of respiration?
- Ventilation
- Diffusion
- Distribution
- Perfusion
Average Volume
6 to 8 litres of air per minute, depends on body size, gender, age and height
Average Frequency
12 to 18 cycles per minute
What is the thorax?
The upper space of the human body, barrel shape-like.
superior placement: 1st rib and clavicle
anterior placement: ribs and sternum
interior placement: 12th rib
posterior placement: ribs and vertebrates
Ribs
12 pairs of them, often referred to as ‘7 true ribs’, ‘3 false ribs’ and 2 ‘floating ribs’.
- True ribs are the anterior articulation with sternum (they are attached to the sternum)
- 3 false ribs are the 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs—false ribs—do not join the sternum directly but are connected to the 7th rib by cartilage.
- the 2 floating ribs are kept in place my muscle wraps, connect at the back also.
Sternum
known as the ‘breast bone’. The flat bone in the chest.
What are the 5 parts of the vertebral column?
- Cervical
- Thoracic, i.e the thorax with the true, false and floating ribs
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
What is meant by atlas vertebrae?
In anatomy, the atlas (C1) is the most superior (first) cervical vertebra of the spine. It is named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, because it supports the globe of the head which is the skull.
What is meant by the axis vertebrae?
In anatomy, the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine is named the axis (from Latin axis, “axle”) or epistropheus. By the atlanto-axial joint, it forms the pivot upon which the first cervical vertebra (the atlas), which carries the head, rotates
Where are the cervical vertebrates found?
Top part of the spine, the first 7 vertebrates, named C1 - C7
What is the Vertebral Foremen?
The gap in the vertebrata, where the spinal cord is with all the neurons sending signals to the brain
Where does the skull rest?
C1 (supports the brain for rotation) and C2 (gives the skull the ability to move)
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12, named T1 - T12
What is the thoracic vertebrae?
They provide the basis for the respiratory framework as they form the posterior point of attachment for the ribs of the bony thorax.
How many Lumbar Vertebrates are there?
- L1 - L5
What are the lumbar vertebrates?
they are larger than the cervical and thoracic region as they have more stress placed on them due to lifting or ambulation, i.e walking. Provide direct and indirect attachment for the back and abdominal muscles.
What are the two zones of the respiratory system?
Functionally, the respiratory system is separated into a conducting zone and respiratory zone.
What is the conductive zone made up of?
The mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi
What is the trachea?
18 horse shaped cartilage. i.e. the ‘breathing tube’ under the larynx
What is the conductive zone?
These structures form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs
What is the bronchi?
2 major tubes that connect the trachea into the lungs
What is the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?
made up of the lungs, bronchi and bronchioles
What are bronchioles?
The smaller branches of the respiratory tree. they are the passages through which air is directed from the nose and mouth to the alveoli (air sacs) at the end of the respiratory tree
Mucous membrane
bones inside the nose are covered by a layer of cells that warm and humidify the air
Motile cilia
hairlike processes that constantly beat in a single direction
Goblet cells
secrete lubricant to trap smaller particles as they enter the larynx
Pleural connection
each lung is lined by a closed sac. insures that the lungs are kept expanded in the thorax
Visceral pleura
lines the walls of the thorax
parietal pleura
lines the walls of the thorax. the two pleurals connect to each other but are not attached
how does breathing work ?, i.e. changing the dimensions of the thorax and how is this achieved
there are muscles connected to the rib cage i.e neck, back muscles etc. When you breathe in you extend the dimensions of the thorax (pushing the ribs forward, lifting the rib cage so to speak, called costal breathing)
Diaphragmatic breathing:: changing the vertical dimensions of the thorax by contracting the diaphragm muscle.
The lungs increases in dimension.
Boyle’s law
Pressure and volume of gases are inversely proportional.
if you increase the space, the pressure inside decreases, and vice versa
What is the diaphragm?
important muscle in speech.
the diaphragm is a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest. It contracts and flattens when you inhale. This creates a vacuum effect that pulls air into the lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the air is pushed out of lungs.
intercostales externi and interni.
The outer layer of muscles between the ribs, originating on the lower margin of each rib and inserted on the upper margin of the next rib. During inspiration, they draw adjacent ribs together, pulling them upward and outward, and increasing the volume of the chest cavity.
Tidal volume
the volume of air inspired and expired in a cycle of respiration
inspiratory reserve
air inspired beyond tidal expiration.
e.g breathe in and out and become aware of your breaths, after a few ins and outs, stop breathing at the end of one of your inspirations. This is the peak of tidal inspiration. Instead of breathing out, breathe in as deeply as you can. The amount of air you have taken in after stopping is the inspiratory reserve.
expiratory reserve volume
air expired beyond tidal expiration
e.g breathe in and out and become aware of your breaths, after a few ins and outs, stop breathing at the end of one of your expirations. then expire as much as you can and this is expiratory reserve volume. also known as resting lung volume
residual volume
air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
dead air
air that cannot partake in gas exchange
vital capacity
is the volume of air that can be inspired after a maximal expiration. Includes inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
functional residual capacity
is the air that remains in the body after passive exhalation. Includes expiratory reserve and residual volumes
total lung capacity
represents the sum of all lung volumes
inspiratory capacity
is the volume that can be inspired from resting lung volume
Volume?
the amount of air each compartment of the respiratory system can hold
Capacities?
refers to the combinations of volumes that express physiological limits
Difference between breathing for life and breathing for speech?
For speech, we inspire and prolong expiration by contracting expiratory volume. Notice we take in a little more air for speech than for quiet breathing and the inspiratory phase is abrupt.
The biggest difference between speech breathing and relaxation breathing is in the expiratory phase. For speech, the expiratory phase is much longer, more drawn out. For speech, the inspiratory phase is 10% and the expiratory phase is 90%. For breathing, both are closer to 50%.
What are alveoli?
The alveoli are intimately related with vascular supply. they are any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange
