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OT 120: Early Childhood & Lifespan Development > Lec#5: Puberty & Adolescence > Flashcards

Lec#5: Puberty & Adolescence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the period of “Storm and stress” when young people feel entitled and embittered toward authority?

A

Puberty and Adolescence

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2
Q

What laws enabled children to properly transition into adulthood?

A

Child Labor Laws

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3
Q

What is the most important marker of the beginning of adolescence?

A

Puberty

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4
Q

What age does adolescence occur?

A

12-18 yrs old

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5
Q

The age of puberty can vary between what age groups?

A

8-14 yrs old

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6
Q

What is the second most dramatic period of
biological stage?

A

Pubescent Growth Spurt

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7
Q

What period displays rapid changes in body size and proportions + becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction?

A

Pubescent Growth Spurt

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8
Q

What is the sequence of physical changes for girls?

A
  1. breasts develop
  2. pubic hair appears
  3. growth spurt: wider hips than shoulder
  4. menarche
  5. armpit hair + possible acne
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9
Q

If a teenage girl has not had by _______ years old, then she should see a doctor.

A

16-17 yrs old

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10
Q

The pubertal period of girls is said to be _________ than boys.

A

shorter

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11
Q

By how many years are girls ahead of boys in terms of maturity?

A

2 years

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12
Q

For teenage boys, what indication must be present for him to be able to get someone pregnant?

A

sperm and ejaculation is present

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13
Q

What is the sequence of physical changes for boys?

A
  1. enlargement of scrotum + testes
  2. pubic hair appears
  3. body size increases
  4. penis growth + voice change
  5. spermarche
  6. armpit hair + facial hair; possibly acne
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14
Q

The first ejaculation may occur through what?

A

masturbation or nocturnal emissions (“wet dreams”)

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15
Q

Between what ages does puberty in boys occur?

A

12-16 yrs old

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16
Q

Puberty in males tend to happen in one singular event/a very short amount of time. T/F?

A

F. It’s more gradual compared to females

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17
Q

Describe the sleep/wake pattern during puberty?

A
  1. delayed sleep phase
  2. shorter sleep duration; steep decline in deep sleep
  3. irregular sleep schedule
  4. increased ability to maintain wakefulness
  5. changed circadian rhythm
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18
Q

What happens to the corpus callosum during puberty? What’s its implication?

A

thickens; leads to better info processing

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19
Q

When does the amygdala start to mature?

A

early adolescence

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20
Q

What is the amygdala for?

A

emotion processing

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21
Q

When does the prefrontal cortex fully mature?

A

mid to late 20s

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22
Q

What stage in development are adolescents in Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Formal Operational

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23
Q

Teenagers are now able to examine and evaluate their own thought processes, what do you call this?

A

metacognition

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24
Q

Why do abstract games like computer simulations attract adolescents?

A

because they require high level logic and the consideration of multiple combinations of problems

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25
Q

Teenagers usually ask “What can my future be?” This is an example of what concept in Piaget’s formal operational stage?

A

Reality and Possibility

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26
Q

Teenagers can now form analogies, do systemic problem solving, and can think of taking multiple steps to achieve a certain goal. What do you call this?

A

abstract reasoning

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27
Q

What do you call the belief of committing stupid mistakes to the point that you get stuck?

A

pseudostupidity

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28
Q

Teenagers are generally more risk-taking. This change in decision making may be due to the asynchronous development of what?

A
  1. affective: reward focused processing system
  2. deliberative: reasoned processing system
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29
Q

What is the reward focused processing system?

A

affective

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30
Q

What is the reasoned processing system?

A

deliberative

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31
Q

What are the leading causes of death in teenagers?

A
  1. violent & non-violent crime
  2. driving fatalities
  3. unprotected sex
  4. attempted suicide
  5. accidental drownings
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32
Q

In adolescence, what manifestations related to emotions increase?

A
  1. moodiness
  2. intensity of emotion
  3. depression (esp. girls)
33
Q

How much sleep do teens need?

A

9-10h

34
Q

What stage are adolescents at according to Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory?

A

Formal Operational Stage

35
Q

What “proofs” are there that showcases that adolescents are in fact at the formal operational stage?

A
  1. can comprehend abstract material (math, philosophy, politics, etc.)
  2. able to imagine infinite variety of options + generate hypotheses
  3. metacognition (can evaluate own thoughts)
  4. abstract games
36
Q

The improvements of adolescents in the ability to understand metaphor, satire, and adult literary works are part of what area of development?

A

cognitive development (language)

37
Q

According to the PSA 2023, how many percent of all Filipino children (5-24 yrs old) are not it school?

A

18.6%

38
Q

What are the 5 main reasons for non-attendance in school?

A
  1. completion of schooling/college education
  2. Employment
  3. Lack of personal interest
  4. Marriage
  5. Financial constraints or high education costs
39
Q

What are the leading causes of death in teens?

A
  1. Violent & non-violent crime
  2. Driving crashes and fatalities
  3. Unprotected sex
  4. Attempted suicide
  5. Accidental drownings
40
Q

What is the difference between self-concept and self-esteem?

A

Self Concept: feelings and perception of one’s identity
Self-esteem: multifaceted + inc. self acceptance

41
Q

At what age do girls and boys have roughly the same level of self-esteem?

A

first grade

42
Q

When do girls’ self esteem become significantly lower than boys’?

A

middle school years

43
Q

Describe the self esteem of girls’ by age 13.

A

self esteem increases through remainder of adolescents & in emerging adulthood

44
Q

What does an inflated self-esteem in adolescents lead to?

A

Can lead to difficulties in handling
competition and criticism

45
Q

What is the last region of the brain to mature?

A

prefrontal cortex

46
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

responsible for skills such as
planning, prioritizing, and controlling
impulses.

47
Q

The failure to resolve the conflict (identity vs role confusion) in teens can result in what?

A

ego diffusion

48
Q

What is the optimal outcome of teens’ crisis resolution

A

identity formation

49
Q

According to Erikson, why is identity formation a critical task for adolescents?

A

because this is the stage
where one thinks about their future self

50
Q

What are the 3 important aspects of a young adolescent’s identity formation?

A
  1. parental support
  2. established sense of industry
  3. Able to take a self-reflective stance toward the future
51
Q

What are Marcia’s 4 statuses of identity?

A
  1. Forclosure
  2. Identity Achievement
  3. Identity Diffusion
  4. Moratorium
52
Q

What is moratorium?

A

low commitment + high exploration

53
Q

According to Marcia:
high commitment + low exploration = _________

A

forclosure

54
Q

According to Marcia, identity achievement is achieved when?

A

there is high commitment + high exploration

55
Q

Identity diffusion happens when there is…?

A

low commitment + low exploration

56
Q

“I don’t care what I’m supposed to do with my life!” What is displayed (hint: Marcia)?

A

identity diffusion

57
Q

What was Marcia’s 4 statuses of identity based on?

A

Erikson’s Theory of Development

58
Q

Individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments are most likely to be part of which status?

A

identity diffusion

59
Q

At what age is identity diffusion common?

A

early adolescents

60
Q

What status is associated with lower self-esteem, and a negative attitude and dissatisfaction with life?

A

identity diffusion

61
Q

What status tend to have approval-seeking behaviors?

A

identity foreclosure

62
Q

Why is being in identity moratorium for too long problematic?

A

because it leads to a state of confusion

63
Q

What status needs guardian figures for guidance?

A

identity moratorium

64
Q

Individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are absent are in what status?

A

identity moratorium

65
Q

Many say that those who follow religious
teachings tend to have more ___________ with their parents.

A

positive relationship

66
Q

Maternal sensitivity during childhood and adolescence is associated with what?

A
  1. Secure attachment during adolescence
  2. Less risk-taking behaviors for adolescents who grow up in poverty
  3. Fewer depressive symptoms in adolescence
  4. Positive peer relations and emotional regulation
  5. In an exclusive relationship, comfortable intimacy in relationships, and attaining increased financial independence at age 21.
67
Q

What tends to be the focus of girls’ friendships?

A

intimacy

68
Q

What tends to be the focus of boys’ friendships?

A

power and excitement

69
Q

Adolescents are most likely to succumb to peer pressure when?

A
  1. uncertain about social identity
  2. in the presence of someone they perceive to have a higher status
70
Q

What are the stages of romantic relationships in adolescents?

A
  1. entry into romantic attractions and affiliations (interest)
  2. exploring romantic relationships (casual)
  3. consolidating dyadic romantic bonds (more serious)
71
Q
A
72
Q

How many percent of teenage girls are pregnant?

A

10%

73
Q

What are the 6 domains of adolescent role assessments?

A
  1. Childhood play
  2. Socialization within the family
  3. School functioning
  4. Socialization with peers
  5. Occupational choice
  6. Anticipated adult work
74
Q

What are the risks and vulnerabilities of teenagers from affluent families w/ regards to their socioeconomic status?

A
  1. Substance Abuse
  2. Property Crime
  3. Adjustment difficulties for males (e.g. all boys school)
75
Q

What are the 5 ways social media has changed adolescent peer relationships?

A
  1. Frequency/immediacy of experiences
  2. Amplify experience and demand
  3. Alter qualitative aspects of interactions
  4. Facilitate new opportunities for compensory behavior
  5. Create new behaviors
76
Q

Early bloomers are more prone to what kind of externalized problems?

A

Increased:
1. Substance abuse
2. Delinquency
3. Sexual behavior
4. Pregnancy

77
Q

What does “affective decision making” mean?

A

Reward focused decision making

78
Q

What does “affective decision making” mean?

A

Reward focused decision making

OT 120: Early Childhood & Lifespan Development (2 decks)

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