Lec#5: Puberty & Adolescence Flashcards
What is the period of “Storm and stress” when young people feel entitled and embittered toward authority?
Puberty and Adolescence
What laws enabled children to properly transition into adulthood?
Child Labor Laws
What is the most important marker of the beginning of adolescence?
Puberty
What age does adolescence occur?
12-18 yrs old
The age of puberty can vary between what age groups?
8-14 yrs old
What is the second most dramatic period of
biological stage?
Pubescent Growth Spurt
What period displays rapid changes in body size and proportions + becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction?
Pubescent Growth Spurt
What is the sequence of physical changes for girls?
- breasts develop
- pubic hair appears
- growth spurt: wider hips than shoulder
- menarche
- armpit hair + possible acne
If a teenage girl has not had by _______ years old, then she should see a doctor.
16-17 yrs old
The pubertal period of girls is said to be _________ than boys.
shorter
By how many years are girls ahead of boys in terms of maturity?
2 years
For teenage boys, what indication must be present for him to be able to get someone pregnant?
sperm and ejaculation is present
What is the sequence of physical changes for boys?
- enlargement of scrotum + testes
- pubic hair appears
- body size increases
- penis growth + voice change
- spermarche
- armpit hair + facial hair; possibly acne
The first ejaculation may occur through what?
masturbation or nocturnal emissions (“wet dreams”)
Between what ages does puberty in boys occur?
12-16 yrs old
Puberty in males tend to happen in one singular event/a very short amount of time. T/F?
F. It’s more gradual compared to females
Describe the sleep/wake pattern during puberty?
- delayed sleep phase
- shorter sleep duration; steep decline in deep sleep
- irregular sleep schedule
- increased ability to maintain wakefulness
- changed circadian rhythm
What happens to the corpus callosum during puberty? What’s its implication?
thickens; leads to better info processing
When does the amygdala start to mature?
early adolescence
What is the amygdala for?
emotion processing
When does the prefrontal cortex fully mature?
mid to late 20s
What stage in development are adolescents in Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Formal Operational
Teenagers are now able to examine and evaluate their own thought processes, what do you call this?
metacognition
Why do abstract games like computer simulations attract adolescents?
because they require high level logic and the consideration of multiple combinations of problems
Teenagers usually ask “What can my future be?” This is an example of what concept in Piaget’s formal operational stage?
Reality and Possibility
Teenagers can now form analogies, do systemic problem solving, and can think of taking multiple steps to achieve a certain goal. What do you call this?
abstract reasoning
What do you call the belief of committing stupid mistakes to the point that you get stuck?
pseudostupidity
Teenagers are generally more risk-taking. This change in decision making may be due to the asynchronous development of what?
- affective: reward focused processing system
- deliberative: reasoned processing system
What is the reward focused processing system?
affective
What is the reasoned processing system?
deliberative
What are the leading causes of death in teenagers?
- violent & non-violent crime
- driving fatalities
- unprotected sex
- attempted suicide
- accidental drownings
In adolescence, what manifestations related to emotions increase?
- moodiness
- intensity of emotion
- depression (esp. girls)
How much sleep do teens need?
9-10h
What stage are adolescents at according to Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory?
Formal Operational Stage
What “proofs” are there that showcases that adolescents are in fact at the formal operational stage?
- can comprehend abstract material (math, philosophy, politics, etc.)
- able to imagine infinite variety of options + generate hypotheses
- metacognition (can evaluate own thoughts)
- abstract games
The improvements of adolescents in the ability to understand metaphor, satire, and adult literary works are part of what area of development?
cognitive development (language)
According to the PSA 2023, how many percent of all Filipino children (5-24 yrs old) are not it school?
18.6%
What are the 5 main reasons for non-attendance in school?
- completion of schooling/college education
- Employment
- Lack of personal interest
- Marriage
- Financial constraints or high education costs
What are the leading causes of death in teens?
- Violent & non-violent crime
- Driving crashes and fatalities
- Unprotected sex
- Attempted suicide
- Accidental drownings
What is the difference between self-concept and self-esteem?
Self Concept: feelings and perception of one’s identity
Self-esteem: multifaceted + inc. self acceptance
At what age do girls and boys have roughly the same level of self-esteem?
first grade
When do girls’ self esteem become significantly lower than boys’?
middle school years
Describe the self esteem of girls’ by age 13.
self esteem increases through remainder of adolescents & in emerging adulthood
What does an inflated self-esteem in adolescents lead to?
Can lead to difficulties in handling
competition and criticism
What is the last region of the brain to mature?
prefrontal cortex
What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?
responsible for skills such as
planning, prioritizing, and controlling
impulses.
The failure to resolve the conflict (identity vs role confusion) in teens can result in what?
ego diffusion
What is the optimal outcome of teens’ crisis resolution
identity formation
According to Erikson, why is identity formation a critical task for adolescents?
because this is the stage
where one thinks about their future self
What are the 3 important aspects of a young adolescent’s identity formation?
- parental support
- established sense of industry
- Able to take a self-reflective stance toward the future
What are Marcia’s 4 statuses of identity?
- Forclosure
- Identity Achievement
- Identity Diffusion
- Moratorium
What is moratorium?
low commitment + high exploration
According to Marcia:
high commitment + low exploration = _________
forclosure
According to Marcia, identity achievement is achieved when?
there is high commitment + high exploration
Identity diffusion happens when there is…?
low commitment + low exploration
“I don’t care what I’m supposed to do with my life!” What is displayed (hint: Marcia)?
identity diffusion
What was Marcia’s 4 statuses of identity based on?
Erikson’s Theory of Development
Individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments are most likely to be part of which status?
identity diffusion
At what age is identity diffusion common?
early adolescents
What status is associated with lower self-esteem, and a negative attitude and dissatisfaction with life?
identity diffusion
What status tend to have approval-seeking behaviors?
identity foreclosure
Why is being in identity moratorium for too long problematic?
because it leads to a state of confusion
What status needs guardian figures for guidance?
identity moratorium
Individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are absent are in what status?
identity moratorium
Many say that those who follow religious
teachings tend to have more ___________ with their parents.
positive relationship
Maternal sensitivity during childhood and adolescence is associated with what?
- Secure attachment during adolescence
- Less risk-taking behaviors for adolescents who grow up in poverty
- Fewer depressive symptoms in adolescence
- Positive peer relations and emotional regulation
- In an exclusive relationship, comfortable intimacy in relationships, and attaining increased financial independence at age 21.
What tends to be the focus of girls’ friendships?
intimacy
What tends to be the focus of boys’ friendships?
power and excitement
Adolescents are most likely to succumb to peer pressure when?
- uncertain about social identity
- in the presence of someone they perceive to have a higher status
What are the stages of romantic relationships in adolescents?
- entry into romantic attractions and affiliations (interest)
- exploring romantic relationships (casual)
- consolidating dyadic romantic bonds (more serious)
How many percent of teenage girls are pregnant?
10%
What are the 6 domains of adolescent role assessments?
- Childhood play
- Socialization within the family
- School functioning
- Socialization with peers
- Occupational choice
- Anticipated adult work
What are the risks and vulnerabilities of teenagers from affluent families w/ regards to their socioeconomic status?
- Substance Abuse
- Property Crime
- Adjustment difficulties for males (e.g. all boys school)
What are the 5 ways social media has changed adolescent peer relationships?
- Frequency/immediacy of experiences
- Amplify experience and demand
- Alter qualitative aspects of interactions
- Facilitate new opportunities for compensory behavior
- Create new behaviors
Early bloomers are more prone to what kind of externalized problems?
Increased:
1. Substance abuse
2. Delinquency
3. Sexual behavior
4. Pregnancy
What does “affective decision making” mean?
Reward focused decision making
What does “affective decision making” mean?
Reward focused decision making
