Lec 5 Flashcards
How does age
environmental factors
How is infertility and fertility defined in relation to cow reproduction?; Infertility is synonymous with sterility or may imply a delayed or irregular production of the annual live calf
while fertility is the lifetime performance necessary for a calf to be produced every year.
What does the term sterility mean and what does subfertility refer to in cows?; Sterility means an absolute inability to reproduce
whereas subfertility refers to a delayed or irregular production of the annual live calf.
What factors can affect a cow’s reproductive functions and what are the necessary reproductive functions for a cow to breed regularly?; Management
disease
What are the types and prevalence of abnormalities that can influence fertility in cows?; Both congenital and acquired abnormalities of the genital system can influence fertility. Congenital abnormalities are much less common than acquired ones
and congenital lesions of the ovaries are rare.
What is ovarian agenesis and what characterizes ovarian hypoplasia?; Ovarian agenesis is a condition where one or both ovaries are absent
accompanied by an infantile genital tract and an absence of cyclical behaviour. Ovarian hypoplasia is characterized by one or both ovaries being small
What happens to the genital tract when both ovaries are hypoplastic and are congenital lesions of the ovaries common?; When both ovaries are hypoplastic
the genital tract is infantile and oestrous cycles do not occur. Congenital lesions of the ovaries are rare.
What are the developmental defects associated with segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric ducts and how does it affect fertility in animals?; Developmental defects of the paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts lead to anomalies of the vagina
cervix
What is Uterus didelphys and Uterus unicornis in cows?; Uterus didelphys is characterized by a divided uterine body and the presence of a double cervix
allowing animals to conceive if insemination occurs in the correct horn. Uterus unicornis is a condition where only one uterine horn is absent while the other is normal
What are the characteristics and consequences of hymenal obstruction?; Hymenal obstruction may appear as a vaginal constriction in front of the urethral opening and can lead to secretions accumulation
causing a fluctuating swelling that may be palpated per rectum. The most common developmental abnormality involving the hymen is a variable degree of persistence of the hymen.
What is hermaphroditism or intersex in animals and how is sex determined?; Hermaphroditism or intersex refers to an animal having both male and female reproductive organs. Sex is determined at the genetic level
gonadal level
In which animals is intersex most commonly and least commonly found?; Intersex is most commonly found in pigs and goats
while it is rare in cattle
What characterizes pseudo-hermaphrodites and what are the differences between male and female pseudo-hermaphrodites?; A pseudo-hermaphrodite has gonads of one sex and accessory reproductive organs of the opposite sex. Male pseudo-hermaphrodites have testes and female accessory organs
while female pseudo-hermaphrodites have ovaries and male accessory reproductive organs.
What defines a true hermaphrodite and what do sex chromatin and karyotypes reveal about hermaphrodites in domestic mammals?; A true hermaphrodite has one or both gonads containing ovarian and testicular tissue (ovotestis) or has one male and one female gonad. Sex chromatin and karyotypes reveal that the majority of hermaphrodites in domestic mammals are genetically female.
What is freemartinism and what is its hormonal theory?; Freemartinism is a distinct form of intersexuality arising from a vascular anastomosis of the adjacent chorioallantoic sacs of heterozygous fetuses in multiple pregnancies. The hormonal theory suggests that hormones from the male twin reach the female through vascular anastomoses
causing masculinization of the female gonad.
What is the percentage of heifers born as co-twins to bulls that are sterile freemartins?; About 92% of heifers born as co-twins to bulls are sterile freemartins.
What complications can arise from hydrosalpinx and what are Ovarobursal adhesions (OBA)?; Hydrosalpinx can become secondarily infected
resulting in conditions such as pyosalpinx or pyobursitis. Ovarobursal adhesions (OBA) are adhesions between the ovary and the ovarian bursa
What is the incidence range of Ovarobursal adhesions and what types of abscesses have been associated with them?; The incidence of Ovarobursal adhesions ranges from 0.43% to 46%. Intra-ovarian and periovarian abscesses have also been seen in association with ovarobursal adhesions.
What are the impacts of ovarobursal adhesions on fertility in cows?; Ovarobursal adhesions can prevent ovulation
cause luteinisation of the follicle
What is hydrosalpinx and how can it be caused by ovarobursal adhesions?; Hydrosalpinx is the accumulation of secretions in the uterine tube
which can occur if the lumen becomes occluded due to ovarobursal adhesions.
How can ovarobursal adhesions be diagnosed in cows
and what challenges are associated with the diagnosis?; Diagnosis can be made through ultrasound imaging
What are the treatment options and potential outcomes for cows with ovarobursal adhesions?; Treatment options may include surgical intervention to remove the adhesions and addressing any underlying infections or conditions. However
there is no satisfactory treatment for Ovarobursal disease
What are ovarobursal adhesions in cows?; Ovarobursal adhesions are abnormal fibrous connections that form between the ovary and the bursa
which can interfere with normal reproductive function.
What are the potential causes of ovarobursal adhesions in cows?; Potential causes include infections
trauma
What can result from rough palpation of the ovaries?; Rough palpation of the ovaries can lead to manual enucleation of the CL or rupture of an ovarian cyst.
When do Mycoplasma become pathogenic in cows?; Mycoplasma become pathogenic when the resistance of the host is lowered
such as after post parturient metritis or Brucella abortion.
What is a cause of puerperal infection in cows?; Puerperal infection arises from ascending infection of the uterus (perimetritis).
What can cause adhesions due to traumatic reticular penetration?; Adhesions may occur as a result of traumatic reticular penetration or puerperal metritis.
What type of adhesions can arise from old corpora lutea?; Strand-like adhesions can arise from scars of old corpora lutea
originating as slight hemorrhages from the site of ovulation.
What type of lesion involves the uterine tube and is associated with tuberculous peritonitis?; The diffuse type of lesion involves the uterine tube and is accompanied by tuberculous peritonitis.
What can happen after the rupture of ovarobursal adhesions?; A proportion of animals may manage to conceive after the rupture of ovarobursal adhesions.
What is the prognosis for cows with bilateral uterine tube occlusion?; In cases of bilateral occlusion of the uterine tube
the animal is normally irreversibly sterile.
How can starch particles be used in the diagnosis of Ovarobursal Adhesions?; Starch particles simulate the transport of the oocyte or zygote; they are spread over the ovary’s surface and picked up by the infundibulum
then transported to the vagina for recovery after staining with iodine.
What methods can be used for diagnosing Ovarobursal Adhesions?; Diagnosis can be made through laparotomy with direct vision or endoscopic examination of the ovaries.
What is Ovarobursal disease and how does it affect cow fertility?; Ovarobursal disease is a major cause of individual cow infertility characterized by regular return to oestrus.
What preventive measures can be taken to avoid Ovarobursal disease?; Preventive measures include avoiding rough manipulation of ovaries
avoiding irrigation of uteri with large quantities of irritant antiseptics
