Lec 5 Flashcards
How does age
environmental factors
How is infertility and fertility defined in relation to cow reproduction?; Infertility is synonymous with sterility or may imply a delayed or irregular production of the annual live calf
while fertility is the lifetime performance necessary for a calf to be produced every year.
What does the term sterility mean and what does subfertility refer to in cows?; Sterility means an absolute inability to reproduce
whereas subfertility refers to a delayed or irregular production of the annual live calf.
What factors can affect a cow’s reproductive functions and what are the necessary reproductive functions for a cow to breed regularly?; Management
disease
What are the types and prevalence of abnormalities that can influence fertility in cows?; Both congenital and acquired abnormalities of the genital system can influence fertility. Congenital abnormalities are much less common than acquired ones
and congenital lesions of the ovaries are rare.
What is ovarian agenesis and what characterizes ovarian hypoplasia?; Ovarian agenesis is a condition where one or both ovaries are absent
accompanied by an infantile genital tract and an absence of cyclical behaviour. Ovarian hypoplasia is characterized by one or both ovaries being small
What happens to the genital tract when both ovaries are hypoplastic and are congenital lesions of the ovaries common?; When both ovaries are hypoplastic
the genital tract is infantile and oestrous cycles do not occur. Congenital lesions of the ovaries are rare.
What are the developmental defects associated with segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric ducts and how does it affect fertility in animals?; Developmental defects of the paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts lead to anomalies of the vagina
cervix
What is Uterus didelphys and Uterus unicornis in cows?; Uterus didelphys is characterized by a divided uterine body and the presence of a double cervix
allowing animals to conceive if insemination occurs in the correct horn. Uterus unicornis is a condition where only one uterine horn is absent while the other is normal
What are the characteristics and consequences of hymenal obstruction?; Hymenal obstruction may appear as a vaginal constriction in front of the urethral opening and can lead to secretions accumulation
causing a fluctuating swelling that may be palpated per rectum. The most common developmental abnormality involving the hymen is a variable degree of persistence of the hymen.
What is hermaphroditism or intersex in animals and how is sex determined?; Hermaphroditism or intersex refers to an animal having both male and female reproductive organs. Sex is determined at the genetic level
gonadal level
In which animals is intersex most commonly and least commonly found?; Intersex is most commonly found in pigs and goats
while it is rare in cattle
What characterizes pseudo-hermaphrodites and what are the differences between male and female pseudo-hermaphrodites?; A pseudo-hermaphrodite has gonads of one sex and accessory reproductive organs of the opposite sex. Male pseudo-hermaphrodites have testes and female accessory organs
while female pseudo-hermaphrodites have ovaries and male accessory reproductive organs.
What defines a true hermaphrodite and what do sex chromatin and karyotypes reveal about hermaphrodites in domestic mammals?; A true hermaphrodite has one or both gonads containing ovarian and testicular tissue (ovotestis) or has one male and one female gonad. Sex chromatin and karyotypes reveal that the majority of hermaphrodites in domestic mammals are genetically female.
What is freemartinism and what is its hormonal theory?; Freemartinism is a distinct form of intersexuality arising from a vascular anastomosis of the adjacent chorioallantoic sacs of heterozygous fetuses in multiple pregnancies. The hormonal theory suggests that hormones from the male twin reach the female through vascular anastomoses
causing masculinization of the female gonad.
