Lec 33: Deglobalization & Covid-19

Question 1

1) What are 4 signs that globalization was already slowing down before covid?

Answer 1

• The great recession put brakes on trade
• There was growing backlash against globalization
• There was increased within-country inequality and increased discontent (Brexit + rise of trade wars & US-China-Mexico trade wars)
• Rodrik’s political trilemma: democracy, national sovereignty, and global integration are incompatible

Question 2

2) In what 2 ways does covid add further de-globalization pressures?

Answer 2

• Movement of capital and people slows down
• On-shoring of manufacturing

Question 3

3) How were covid 19 impacts uneven in Montreal?

Answer 3

• Impacts were more strongly felt in lower income areas
• Impacts more strongly felt by young female essential workers
• More deaths in visible minorities

Question 4

4) What are some inter-regional inequalities relating to covid?

Answer 4

• Technology inequalities, different levels of access to internet

Question 5

What are the long-term effects of covid?

Answer 5

• Social scarring: fear of crowded spaces, choice of residence
• Working remotely: not everyone can so who benefits?
• Changes to built environment and urban form (health req.)

Question 6

6) What are opportunities for cities post-covid?

Answer 6

• Agglomeration economies (despite ↑ costs)
• Transformations: demog. shift towards young, more inclusive
• Bigger cities and the environment (climate change)
   Sustainable infrastructure, reducing env’tal footprints

Question 7

7) Will covid 19 cause a city exodus long term?

Answer 7

• Depends on the duration but unlikely to derail urbanization?

Question 8

8) Describe global poverty trends leading up to covid and following covid. What was the geography of covid 19 poverty impacts?

Answer 8

• Poverty rates have been improving since 90s because of SDGs

Covid impacts
- Lost 3-4 years of progress because of covid
- Based on these projections, by 2030 poverty levels will be 2x what we were aiming for/had predicted

Geography
- Poverty impacts were more strongly felt in South Asia and sub-saharan Africa

Question 9

9) Why were covid effects more strongly felt in urban than rural areas of peru?

Answer 9

Rural areas less affected
a. Rural
i. Better living conditions
ii. Livelihoods  More self-sufficient
iii. Generally more healthy/fit
iv. Remote

b. Urban centers
i. Huge informal sector; NEED to be out (ex need to go to market to buy food)
ii. Banking sector: need to wait in line at bank, little use of ATMs
iii. Overcrowded housing
iv. Food markets

Question 10

10) What are 5 defining characteristics of the new poor?

Answer 10

• Middle income countries
• Non-agricultural employment sectors
• Urban populations
• Informal sector
• Better educated than chronic poor but much less than nonpoor