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PSYCH 341 > LEC. #3 > Flashcards

LEC. #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who conducted the research of Culture of Honor in the US South?

A
  1. Richard Nisbett
  2. Dov Cohen
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2
Q

What is the concept of “culture of honour”?

A
  • strong concerns about one’s own + others’ reputation define culture
  • leads to sensitivity to slights, insults
  • willingness to use violence to avenge insult
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3
Q

According to observers, which part of USA experiences more violence?

A

South

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4
Q

What is the word honour defined as?

A
  • nobility of soul
  • magnanimity
  • scorn of meanness
  • man’s strength and power to enforce own will on others
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5
Q

In terms of herders and their culture of honour, what is the rule created by LEX Talionis?

A

“the rule of retaliation”

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6
Q

What is the rule of retaliation?

A

people are more likely to protect their herd if they have a reputation as a person who responds to threats with violence

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7
Q

What are the 4 pieces of evidence for how different kinds of indices of violence varied across regions in US?

A
  1. archival data analysis
  2. survey research
  3. experimental research (physiological and behavioural)
  4. field research
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8
Q

Is the economy a good indicator for violence in US?

A

yes

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9
Q

Where is murder rate higher?

A

where herding is more common

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10
Q

Is income a good indicator of violence in the US?

A

no

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11
Q

Why is income not a good predictor of violence?

A

those in farming areas only make slightly more than those in herding areas; argues against poverty account

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12
Q

Is the temperature a good predictor of violence in the US?

A

no

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13
Q

Why is temperature not a good predictor of violence in the US?

A

farming areas are hotter but violence rates are more in herding areas

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14
Q

Is the slavery tradition a good predictor of violence in the US?

A

no

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15
Q

Why is the slavery tradition not a good indicator of violence in the US?

A

slaves more common in farming areas

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16
Q

What is the main kind of violence that the South differs from the North in?

A

argument-related murders

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17
Q

Where are the regional differences most pronounced in?

A

less urban areas; in urban areas, less influence from herding cultures

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18
Q

The type of violence and regional differences challenges what?

A

temperature account bc both urban + rural should have similar accounts

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19
Q

When a survey was done asking americans how they would respond in certain situations, who endorsed violence more?

A

southerners

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20
Q

In a physiological study, when the white male students from Uni were insulted, what did the researchers assess changes in?

A
  1. cortisol
  2. testosterone
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21
Q

In a physiological study, when the white male students from Uni were insulted, what did the 2 different groups that were split up assigned to?

A
  1. control (everything same except for insult)
  2. insult condition where confederate insults them
22
Q

In a physiological study, when the white male students from Uni were insulted, who reacted more strongly based off of their cortisol levels?

A

southern

23
Q

What did the behavioural study consist of?

A

after participants are insulted they collide into another confederate

24
Q

What is the dependent measure in the behavioural study where a person that’s been insulted collides with the confederate on the way to a lab room?

A

point where participants yielded to oncoming confederate

25
Q

In a behavioural study, when the white male students from Uni were insulted, in the absence of the insult, did the southerns yield at a smaller or larger distance than the northerners?

A

greater

26
Q

In a behavioural study, when the white male students from Uni were insulted, how did the southerns respond to the insult?

A

challenging the second confederate

27
Q

What did the field experiment consist of when determining the difference in violence rates between US south and US north?

A
  • researchers request job applications
  • control condition has letters of applicant stealing car
  • honour condition has letters of applicant of being convicted of manslaughter for killing a man in defence of own honour
28
Q

What is the dependent measure in the field study conducted where applicants sent job applications?

A

tone of letter received from potential employer

29
Q

In term of the tone of letter from the potential employer in the field experiment, who was more warmer in their response to the “honour” letter?

A

southerners

30
Q

What is self-concept?

A
  • how we perceive ourselves
  • identity plays role in how we think about other things
31
Q

Is the self-concept a passive process, and why or why not?

A

active process bc we are constantly shaping meanings from events and reflecting on relationships

32
Q

In the seminal paper by Markus and Kitayama, they argue that much of what is known about social psychology is studied with people who have what kind of understanding about themselves?

A

independent

33
Q

What kind of a sense of self do Non-Westerners have?

A

interdependent

34
Q

In an independent view of self, how does it remain across roles and situations?

A

constant
- fluidity between ingroups and outgroups

35
Q

In an interdependent view of self, how does it remain across roles and situations?

A

roles change and fluid across situations

36
Q

How are ingroups and outgroups treated in an interdependent view of self?

A

clear distinction

37
Q

In a neuro-imaging study conducted at Beijing Uni, for the Chinese, when was the MPFC part of the brain activated?

A

“self” “my mother”

38
Q

In a neuro-imaging study conducted at Beijing Uni, for the Americans , when was the MPFC part of the brain activated?

A

“self”

39
Q

What are 3 key aspects of cognition in terms of the variety facets of interdependent vs. independent self construals?

A
  • self-description
  • self-awareness
  • self-consistency
40
Q

In the results of Ma and Schoeneman study, seeing how different cultures responded to the “I am” statement, what were the dominant responses among American Undergrad students?

A

personal characteristics

41
Q

Which group of Kenyans responses were similar to those to those of the American undergrad students in the results of Ma and Schoeneman study, seeing how different cultures responded to the “I am” statement?

A

urban

42
Q

The roles of memberships were dominant responses in which group of Kenyans in the results of Ma and Schoeneman study, seeing how different cultures responded to the “I am” statement?

A

tribal

43
Q

What are the 2 different ways of presenting yourself?

A
  1. subjective self-awareness
  2. objective self-awareness
44
Q

What kind of awareness is being illustrated when one is talking about a first person perspective and is independent?

A

subjective

45
Q

What kind of awareness is being illustrated when one is talking about a third person perspective and is interdependent?

A

objective

46
Q

What is the name of the task where Cohen and Gunz (2002) where participants indicated whether their memories contained 1st person or 3rd person imagery for a variety of events?

A

perspective taking task

47
Q

Is there a way to change the cognitive bias of East Asians habitually considering themselves in the perspective of others?

A

yes, objective self-awareness is manipulated by putting people in front of mirrors

48
Q

In a study of Steve Heine, they had
Japanese and Americans evaluate
themselves with a measure of actual-
ideal self-discrepancies. A larger
discrepancy indicates a…

A

more self-critical view

49
Q

Who had larger self-discrepancies when they were in front of a mirror?

A

americans

50
Q

In a study done by Kanagawa et al. 2001, where Japanese and American students completed the Twenty Statements Test in different situations, what was the result for the american data?

A

they acted similar in all situations whether they did the task along or in front of a professor

51
Q

In a study done by Kanagawa et al. 2001, where Japanese and American students completed the Twenty Statements Test in different situations, what was the result for the japanese data?

A

answers varied according to who was in front of them

52
Q

Are the Japanese unpredictable?

A

no bc they are consistent in each different relationship that they have

PSYCH 341 (2 decks)

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