LEC. #3

Question 1

Who conducted the research of Culture of Honor in the US South?

Answer 1

1. Richard Nisbett
2. Dov Cohen

Question 2

What is the concept of “culture of honour”?

Answer 2

• strong concerns about one’s own + others’ reputation define culture
• leads to sensitivity to slights, insults
• willingness to use violence to avenge insult

Question 3

According to observers, which part of USA experiences more violence?

Answer 3

South

Question 4

What is the word honour defined as?

Answer 4

• nobility of soul
• magnanimity
• scorn of meanness
• man’s strength and power to enforce own will on others

Question 5

In terms of herders and their culture of honour, what is the rule created by LEX Talionis?

Answer 5

“the rule of retaliation”

Question 6

What is the rule of retaliation?

Answer 6

people are more likely to protect their herd if they have a reputation as a person who responds to threats with violence

Question 7

What are the 4 pieces of evidence for how different kinds of indices of violence varied across regions in US?

Answer 7

1. archival data analysis
2. survey research
3. experimental research (physiological and behavioural)
4. field research

Question 8

Is the economy a good indicator for violence in US?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

Where is murder rate higher?

Answer 9

where herding is more common

Question 10

Is income a good indicator of violence in the US?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

Why is income not a good predictor of violence?

Answer 11

those in farming areas only make slightly more than those in herding areas; argues against poverty account

Question 12

Is the temperature a good predictor of violence in the US?

Answer 12

no

Question 13

Why is temperature not a good predictor of violence in the US?

Answer 13

farming areas are hotter but violence rates are more in herding areas

Question 14

Is the slavery tradition a good predictor of violence in the US?

Answer 14

no

Question 15

Why is the slavery tradition not a good indicator of violence in the US?

Answer 15

slaves more common in farming areas

Question 16

What is the main kind of violence that the South differs from the North in?

Answer 16

argument-related murders

Question 17

Where are the regional differences most pronounced in?

Answer 17

less urban areas; in urban areas, less influence from herding cultures

Question 18

The type of violence and regional differences challenges what?

Answer 18

temperature account bc both urban + rural should have similar accounts

Question 19

When a survey was done asking americans how they would respond in certain situations, who endorsed violence more?

Answer 19

southerners

Question 20

In a physiological study, when the white male students from Uni were insulted, what did the researchers assess changes in?

Answer 20

1. cortisol
2. testosterone

Question 21

In a physiological study, when the white male students from Uni were insulted, what did the 2 different groups that were split up assigned to?

Answer 21

1. control (everything same except for insult)
2. insult condition where confederate insults them

Question 22

In a physiological study, when the white male students from Uni were insulted, who reacted more strongly based off of their cortisol levels?

Answer 22

southern

Question 23

What did the behavioural study consist of?

Answer 23

after participants are insulted they collide into another confederate

Question 24

What is the dependent measure in the behavioural study where a person that’s been insulted collides with the confederate on the way to a lab room?

Answer 24

point where participants yielded to oncoming confederate

Question 25

In a behavioural study, when the white male students from Uni were insulted, in the absence of the insult, did the southerns yield at a smaller or larger distance than the northerners?

Answer 25

greater

Question 26

In a behavioural study, when the white male students from Uni were insulted, how did the southerns respond to the insult?

Answer 26

challenging the second confederate

Question 27

What did the field experiment consist of when determining the difference in violence rates between US south and US north?

Answer 27

- researchers request job applications - control condition has letters of applicant stealing car - honour condition has letters of applicant of being convicted of manslaughter for killing a man in defence of own honour

Question 28

What is the dependent measure in the field study conducted where applicants sent job applications?

Answer 28

tone of letter received from potential employer

Question 29

In term of the tone of letter from the potential employer in the field experiment, who was more warmer in their response to the "honour" letter?

Answer 29

southerners

Question 30

What is self-concept?

Answer 30

- how we perceive ourselves - identity plays role in how we think about other things

Question 31

Is the self-concept a passive process, and why or why not?

Answer 31

active process bc we are constantly shaping meanings from events and reflecting on relationships

Question 32

In the seminal paper by Markus and Kitayama, they argue that much of what is known about social psychology is studied with people who have what kind of understanding about themselves?

Answer 32

independent

Question 33

What kind of a sense of self do Non-Westerners have?

Answer 33

interdependent

Question 34

In an independent view of self, how does it remain across roles and situations?

Answer 34

constant - fluidity between ingroups and outgroups

Question 35

In an interdependent view of self, how does it remain across roles and situations?

Answer 35

roles change and fluid across situations

Question 36

How are ingroups and outgroups treated in an interdependent view of self?

Answer 36

clear distinction

Question 37

In a neuro-imaging study conducted at Beijing Uni, for the Chinese, when was the MPFC part of the brain activated?

Answer 37

"self" "my mother"

Question 38

In a neuro-imaging study conducted at Beijing Uni, for the Americans , when was the MPFC part of the brain activated?

Answer 38

"self"

Question 39

What are 3 key aspects of cognition in terms of the variety facets of interdependent vs. independent self construals?

Answer 39

- self-description - self-awareness - self-consistency

Question 40

In the results of Ma and Schoeneman study, seeing how different cultures responded to the "I am" statement, what were the dominant responses among American Undergrad students?

Answer 40

personal characteristics

Question 41

Which group of Kenyans responses were similar to those to those of the American undergrad students in the results of Ma and Schoeneman study, seeing how different cultures responded to the "I am" statement?

Answer 41

urban

Question 42

The roles of memberships were dominant responses in which group of Kenyans in the results of Ma and Schoeneman study, seeing how different cultures responded to the "I am" statement?

Answer 42

tribal

Question 43

What are the 2 different ways of presenting yourself?

Answer 43

1. subjective self-awareness 2. objective self-awareness

Question 44

What kind of awareness is being illustrated when one is talking about a first person perspective and is independent?

Answer 44

subjective

Question 45

What kind of awareness is being illustrated when one is talking about a third person perspective and is interdependent?

Answer 45

objective

Question 46

What is the name of the task where Cohen and Gunz (2002) where participants indicated whether their memories contained 1st person or 3rd person imagery for a variety of events?

Answer 46

perspective taking task

Question 47

Is there a way to change the cognitive bias of East Asians habitually considering themselves in the perspective of others?

Answer 47

yes, objective self-awareness is manipulated by putting people in front of mirrors

Question 48

In a study of Steve Heine, they had Japanese and Americans evaluate themselves with a measure of actual- ideal self-discrepancies. A larger discrepancy indicates a...

Answer 48

more self-critical view

Question 49

Who had larger self-discrepancies when they were in front of a mirror?

Answer 49

americans

Question 50

In a study done by Kanagawa et al. 2001, where Japanese and American students completed the Twenty Statements Test in different situations, what was the result for the american data?

Answer 50

they acted similar in all situations whether they did the task along or in front of a professor

Question 51

In a study done by Kanagawa et al. 2001, where Japanese and American students completed the Twenty Statements Test in different situations, what was the result for the japanese data?

Answer 51

answers varied according to who was in front of them

Question 52

Are the Japanese unpredictable?

Answer 52

no bc they are consistent in each different relationship that they have