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PSYCH 341 > LEC. #2 > Flashcards

LEC. #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is imitative learning?

A

learning style where learners focus on intention and internalizing model’s goals and behavioural strategies

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2
Q

What is emulative learning?

A

learning style where learners focus on what model is doing and engage in trial and error to change situation

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3
Q

What type of learning is getting bananas?

A

emulative learning

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4
Q

Can new cultural information be only accurately reproduced?

A

no, it can also be improved

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5
Q

What is the ratchet effect?

A

when cultural information is improved, it allows cultural accumulation

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6
Q

What are 3 key examples of the ratchet effect?

A
  1. evolution of hammers
  2. evolution of game
  3. evolution of phone
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7
Q

Why are humans able to learn shared cultural ideas?

A

big brain and high ratio of basal metabolism

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8
Q

How much of our basal metabolism does our brain consume? (answer in percentage value)

A

16%

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9
Q

How much energy do other animals consume from their brains?

A

3%

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10
Q

What are 3 competing theories for why primates have such big brains?

A
  1. they eat fruit = requires remembering where you found fruit trees so you can return to them when ripe
  2. they eat nutrient-rich food that is difficult to extract (ex. termites and nuts)
  3. they live in large social networks = keeping track of social relationships and learning from each other
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11
Q

Was the theory for the relationship between neocortex ratio and % of fruit in the diet of primates supported?

A

no, dots are scattered on graph

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12
Q

Was the theory for the relationship between foraging methods and the neocortex ratio supported?

A

extractive foraging dots are linear, but still no relationship

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13
Q

Was the theory for the relationship between neocortex ratio and mean group size supported?

A

yes

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14
Q

What did Robin Danbar propose in terms of the relationship between neocortex ratio and mean group size?

A

primate brain evolution driven by social lifestyle

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15
Q

What is the name of the hypothesis that Danbar proposes?

A

“The Magic Number of 150”

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16
Q

What is the “The Magic Number of 150” hypothesis?

A

our brain is evolved to live in a pop. of 150 people

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17
Q

Humans wouldn’t be classified as just being social, what else would they be?

A

ultra-social

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18
Q

What does being ultra social mean?

A

being interested in other people’s activities and engaging in cultural learning

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19
Q

What is co-evolution?

A

environment and culture is tightly related to each other

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20
Q

What are some things that different physical ecology can affect?

A
  1. gender roles
  2. diet
  3. foraging behaviour
21
Q

Jared Diamond proposed 2 key aspects that may be the reason why people have developed complex societies. What are these 2 reasons?

A
  1. small geo. differences in availability of easy-to-domesticate animals and plants
  2. position of Eurasia
22
Q

Where would there be a greater spread of cultural tradition? Where a continental axis runs southeast to West or North to South?

A

southeast to West

23
Q

What is evoked culture?

A

everyone has biologically-encoded behavioural repertoires accessible to them, they are engaged when needed (situational conditions)

24
Q

Someone’s attractiveness being dependent on the environment is an example of what type of culture?

A

evoked

25
Q

Who proposed the idea that the more healthy a person is, it increases the chances to have healthy offspring?

A

David Buss

26
Q

If there is an environment with many parasites, would a person’s attractiveness be important?

A

yes

27
Q

If there is an environment with less parasites, would a person’s attractiveness be important?

A

no

28
Q

What is transmitted culture?

A

people learn about cultural practices through social learning or by modelling others

29
Q

What are 2 key questions that are related to the idea of transmitted culture?

A
  1. How does information spread?
  2. How is an invention transmitted from original generation to the next?
30
Q

True or False: transmitted culture cannot travel with people if the environment of the new place is different from initial set of geographic conditions.

A

False

31
Q

What is the name of the smallest units of cultural information that can be faithfully transmitted to others and the next generations?

A

meme(s)

32
Q

For meme(s), like genes, would the longevety, fidelity, and fecundity, be high or low?

A

high

33
Q

In relation to the ideas that Richard Dawkins proposed, what are the 3 main differences between genes and memes?

A
  1. memes don’t have tangible entities
  2. don’t have mutations
  3. sometimes be maladaptive
34
Q

In the “epidemiology of ideas” concept proposed by Dan Sperber, what are the 2 key distinctions that are also different from the idea of memes (proposed by Richard Dawkins)?

A
  1. person comes up with idea (inventor) has mental representation in mind
  2. imitator learns about idea from inventor
35
Q

In the “epidemiology of ideas” concept proposed by Dan Sperber, when ideas get transmitted are they just copy and paste or do they differ?

A

different because imitator has to learn it his/her own way

36
Q

What is the name of the theory that states that people influence each other which leads to groups of like-minded people separated by geography (ex. cultures, languages)

A

Dynamic Social Impact Theory (Cullum + Harton)

37
Q

What type of ideas usually spread pretty fast?

A

emotional ideas

38
Q

In a study done by Norenzayan et al., 2006, when participants recieved the 18 items to read, what are the 2 types of items that they recieved?

A
  1. intuitive
  2. counterintuitive
39
Q

In a study done by Norenzayan et al., 2006, the participants were split into 4 conditions. What are they called?

A
  1. entirely intuitive (100%)
  2. minimally counterintuitive (72% I, 28% CI)
  3. equal freq.
  4. maximally counterintuitive (28% I, 72% CI)
40
Q

In a study done by Norenzayan et al., 2006, when the participants were asked to recall the items, which group of items were recalled the most?

A

entirely intuitive

41
Q

In a study done by Norenzayan et al., 2006, when the participants were asked to recall the items a week later, which group of items were recalled the most?

A

minimally counterintuitive

42
Q

In Putnam’s story, “Bowling Alone” what is the main message that supports the idea that culture is changing?

A

americans are becoming more individualistic

43
Q

What are 4 main causes of the changes in our lifestyles that we see today and how we are becoming more individualistic?

A
  1. time pressure from families with mom and dad working (10%)
  2. suburban lifestyle (10%)
  3. elec. entertainment (25%)
  4. generational difference (living through WW2) (50%)
44
Q

What is the Flynn Effect?

A

people becoming more intelligent

45
Q

In relation to the Flynn effect, when there was a review in changes in IQ score in 14 nations, what was the average increase that was observed?

A

between 5 and 25%

46
Q

In relation to the Flynn effect, the tendencies are observable in different standardized tests and measure which type of intelligence?

A

stable intelligence

47
Q

What are 3 main reasons that the scores of Raven’s Matrices have increased over time?

A
  1. education
  2. popular culture
  3. game
48
Q

When it comes to cultures persisting a great deal across time, what are adaptations constrained by?

A

previously existing structures

PSYCH 341 (2 decks)

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