Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardio Exam 2 > Lec 27 Diseases of the Aorta > Flashcards

Lec 27 Diseases of the Aorta Flashcards

1
Q

What is a true aneurysm vs false aneurysm?

A

true = dilatation of all 3 layers of aorta [>50% increase in diameter]

false = rupture through intimal and medial layers contained by adventitia or perivascular thrombus/clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is fusiform vs saccular aneurysm? which is more common?

A 
fusiform = more comm, symmetrical on both side
saccular = localized just one side
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is primary pathogenesis of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm?

A

cystic medial necrosis/degeneration = degeneration and fragmention of elastic fibers

normal media components replaced with acellular stuff [collagen/mucoid material]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some etiologies of cystic medial necrosis causing ascending aortic aneurysm?

A
  • occurs with aging due to hypertension
  • or w/ disorders that affect connective tissue
  • – Marfan
  • – Loeys-Dietz syndrome
  • – Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
  • or bicuspid aortic valve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes marfan?

A

missense mutation in fibrillin gene –> impaired formation of elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes loeys dietz?

A

autosomal dom. mutation in TFG-B receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes ehler-danlos syndrome?

A

mutation in collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is pathogenesis of anuerysms of descending thoracic and abdominal aorta?

A

usually due to atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some risk factors for descending aorta aneurysm?

A
  • smoking
  • dyslipidemia
  • men
  • HTN
  • age [older]

== atherosclerotic risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is most common location of aortic aneurysm?

A

abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Besides the most common cystic medial necrosis and atherosclerosis, what are some other possible etiologies of aortic aneurysm?

A
  • post-stenotic
  • infection of arterial wall
  • vasculitis [giant cell arteritis/takayasu arteritis]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is natural history of aortic aneurysms?

A

expand by avg 1-4 mm/year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are predictors of rate of abdominal aortic expansion?

A
  • initial size [bigger size = faster expansion]
  • active smoking
  • hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

At what diameter abdominal aortic aneurysm should you call surgery? what about in marfans pt?

A

at 5.5 cm for normal pt; 5 cm for marfans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are most common complications of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A
  • death
  • rupture
  • dissection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is normal clinical presentation of aortic anuerysm?

A
  • usually asymptomatic
  • if thoracic –> may have cough/ dyspnea/ dysphagia from compression neighboring struct
  • if ascending –> may have aortic regrug and symptoms of CHF
  • if abdominal –> may have ab or back pain or nonspecific GI symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is aortic aneurysm normally discovered?

A

pt has chest or ab radiograph for some other reason and see dilation of vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you diagnose aortic aneurysm?

A
  • chest or abdominal radiograph –> widened mediastinum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is treatment for aortic aneurysm?

A
  • reduce risk factors:
  • – BBlockers to lower BP
  • – smoking cessation
  • once diagnosed monitor by image every 6-12 mo
20
Q

When do you refer aortic aneurysm for repair?

A

based on side
>5.5 cm for abdominal aortic aneurysm OR
growth rate > 1 cm/yr

21
Q

What is surgical treatment for aortic aneurysm?

A
  • open surgical repair OR PCI: transfermoral stent graph repair
22
Q

What is aortic dissection?

A

blood from vessel lumen passes through tear in intima into medial layer and spreads along the artery = forms a false lumen

23
Q

What is acute intramural hematoma?

A

variant of aoritc dissection = hemorrhage in wall of aorta without evidence of intimal tear

24
Q

What is a penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer?

A

erosion of plaque into aortic wall

25
Q

What is an aortic rupture?

A

may be a complication of aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer or from trauma

26
Q

What is Stanford type A aortic dissection vs type B?

A

type A = involves ascending aorta [can also involve descending]

type B = involves descending aorta and DOES NOT involve ascending

27
Q

What are the 2 postulated mech of aortic dissection?

A
  • circumfrerential or transverse tear in intimal layer of the vessel –> blood enters media –> propagates along plane of muscle layer

OR

  • rupture of vaa vasorum –> hemorrhages into the media –> forms hematoma in arterial wall –> tears through intima into vessel lumen
28
Q

Who most commonly gets aortic dissection?

A

men in 60s-70s

29
Q

What are risk factors for aortic dissection?

A
  • hypertension
  • smoking
  • use of cocaine or stimulants
  • connective tissue disease [marfans, ehlers danlos etc]
  • congenital structural abnormality [coartcation of the aorta, abnormal aortic valve]
  • inflammatory disease
  • can be brought on by weight lifting/trauma
30
Q

What part of aorta most commonly dissects?

A
  • ascending thoracic aorta = 65%

- descending thoracic aorta = 20%

31
Q

What is clinical presentation of aortic dissection?

A

sudden severe tearing pain
radiating to back
unequal BP in arms

32
Q

How do you diagnose aortic dissection?

A

CT or echo

CXR shows mediastinal widening

33
Q

How do you treat aortic dissection?

A

immediately need treatment

if typa A = ascending –> get to cardiac surgeon

if type B = descending –> manage medically; if symptoms worsen get surgeon

medically = reduce systolic BP by beta-blocker and nitroprusside [force reduction and vasodilation respectively]

34
Q

What are complications of aortic dissection?

step1

A
  • aortic rupture –> pericardial tamponade
  • occlusion of aortic branches –> stroke, MI, renal failure
  • distortion of aortic annulus –> aortic valve regurgitation
  • death
35
Q

What is the definition of peripheral artery disease?

A

flow-limiting lesion in artery that provides blood supply to limbs = noncoronary artery syndrome

36
Q

What is the most common cause of peripheral artery disease?

A

atherosclerosis

37
Q

What are risk factors for atherosclerotic PAD?

A

same as those for CAD –> smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia, HTN, atherosclerosis, age

~40% of pts with PAD have concurrent CAD

38
Q

What is pathogenesis of PAD?

A
  • diseased peripheral vasculature –> impaired response to vasodilating substances, reduction in amount of endogenous vasodilation
  • changes in muscle struct/function due to chronic ischemia –> denervation, muscle fiber dropout –> muscle atrophy
39
Q

What is clinical presentation of peripheral artery disease?

A
  • claudication [with walking]
  • pain at rest [in severe PAD]
  • ulceration
  • infection
  • skin necrosis

loss of pulses, muscle atrophy

40
Q

How do you differentiate ischemic ulcers from venous ulcers?

A

ischemic ulcer: frequently in injury-prone areas like tips of toes, lateral ankle

venous ulcer: reddish-brown discoloration and varicose veins, usually more proximal/medial

41
Q

What is risk equivalent with PAD?

A

patient with PAD has same risk of cardiac event as a patient who previously had an MI

42
Q

What is normal ankle brachial index [ABI]?

A

normal > 0.90; usually 1 or a little higher

abnormal < 0.9
borderline 0.91-0.99
normal 1-1.4
non-compressible > 1.4

43
Q

How do you calculate ABI?

A
  1. Use Doppler to locate arteries
  2. Take systolic pressure in brachial arteries; use the higher value
  3. Take systolic pressure in both ankles at posterior tibial (PT) and dorsalis pedis (DP) arteries
  4. Use higher value (PT or DP) for each ankle
  5. Calculate right and left ABIs: higher ankle over higher brachial value
  6. Use lower ABI for diagnostic purposes
44
Q

What does it mean if ABI > 1.4?

A

non-compressible artery = also a disease state maybe calcification, rigid vessels

45
Q

What is treatment for peripheral arterial disease?

A
  • antiplatelet therapy
  • risk factor modification
  • increase ischemic capacity by doing exercise
  • cilostazol to improve exercise capacity

meds to prevent MI

46
Q

What interventional treatment for PAD?

A

percutaneous revascularization or surgical revascularization by stent or bypass respectively

Cardio Exam 2 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions