Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiological > Lec 2: The Chemical Levels Of Organization > Flashcards

Lec 2: The Chemical Levels Of Organization Flashcards

0
Q

What is pH scale?

A

Has an inverse relationship with H+ concentration

More H+ ions mean lower pH, less H+ ions mean higher pH (basic)

If proton is high the pH is high too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is acidic and basic?

A

Acidic is pH lower than 7.0
It has high h+concentration and low OH- concentration

Basic (alkaline) is pH higher than 7.0 it has low H+ and high OH- concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is acid?

A

a solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution

A proton donor

Strong acids dissociate completely in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is base?

A

Solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution

A proton acceptor

Strong bases dissociate completely in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is weak acids and weak bases?

A

They fail to dissociate completely

They help to balance the pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is salt?

A

Solutes the dissociate into cations and anions other than hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of buffer?

A

Weak acid/salt compounds

Neutralizes either strong acid or strong base

Sodium bicarbonate is very important in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Antacids?

A

A basic compound that neutralizes acid and forms a salt

Tums, Rolaids are some examples.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Contain H,C, and usually O
Covalently bonded
Contain function in groups that determine chemistry which are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins (or amino acids) and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

Acts as an acid, releasing H+ to become R—COO-

i.e fatty acids, amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Amino group

A

Can accept or release H+, depending on pH
Can form bonds with other molecules

Ie amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

Strong bases dissociate to Release
hydroxide ions

May link molecules through dehydration synthesis (condensation)

I.e carbohydrate, fatty acids and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phosphate group

A

May link other molecules to form larger structures

may store energy in high-energy bonds

Ie. Phospholipids, nucleic acid, high-energy compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen are in 1:2:1 ratio
Monosaccharide: simple sugars
Disaccharide: two sugars
Polysaccharides: many sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Monosaccharide?

A

Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Energy source, obtained from food, distributed in body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are disaccharide?

A

Two simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis

Sucrose(table sugar), Maltose(malt sugar), lactose (milk)

Energy source, must be broken down into Monosaccharidea before absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis

Glycogen (animal cells), starch, cellulose
(Plant cell)

Storage of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are lipids?

A

Mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes

Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen Atoms

Includes: fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids and glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with carboxylic group; relatively are non polar
May be:
saturated with hydrogen (non covalent bonds)
Unsaturated (one or more double bonds)

Energy source

Absorbed form food or synthesized in cells; transported in blood

Ie. Lauric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lipids: Eicosanoids

A

Chemical messengers coordinating local cellular activities

Prostaglandins are produced mostly in body tissues

Ie. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lipids: leukotrienes

A

Active in immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lipids: glycerides

A

Fatty acids attached to glycerol molecule

Energy source, energy storage, insulation and physical protection

Stored in fat deposits; must be broken down to fatty acids and glycerol before they can be used as an energy source.

Ie. Monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lipids: triglycerides

A

Three fatty acid tails
Also called triacylglycerols or neutral fats

Have 3 important functions
Energy source
Insulation
Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lipids: steroids

A

4 rings of carbon and hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups
Ther are four types:
Cholesterol: plasma cell membrane
Estrogen & testosterone: sex hormones
Corticosteroids and calcitriol: metabolic regulation
Bile salts : derived from steroids.

Strutural component of plasma membranes, hormones, digestive secretions in bile

All have same carbon ring framework

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Lipids: phospholipids and glycolipids
Structural components of plasma membranes Derived from fatty acids and nonlipid components Ie. Lecithin (a phospholipids)
25
What are proteins?
Most abundant and important organic molecules Contain C,H,O,N Basic building blocks: 20 amino acids
26
What are proteins major functions?
There are 7 ``` Support :structural proteins Movement: contractile proteins Buffering: regulation of pH Metabolic regulation: enzymes Transport: transport proteins Coordination and control: hormones Defense: antibodies ```
27
How to hook amino acids together?
A peptide bond Dehydration synthesis between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid group of another amino acid
28
What are the shapes of protein?
Primary: sequence of Amino acid along a polypeptide secondary: hydrogen bonds form spirals Tertiary: secondary structure folds into a unique shape Quaternary: final protein shape several tertiary structures together
29
What are fibrous proteins?
Structural sheets or strands
30
What are globular proteins?
Soluble spheres with active functions Protein function is based on shape Shape Is based on sequence of amino acids
31
What is cofactors?
An ion or a molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind Bound to enzyme and is required for catalysis
32
What is coenzyme? Aka cosubstrate
Non-protein organic factors/molecule I.e vitamins CO-ENZYME is a small organic non-protein MOLECULE that carries chemical groups between enzymes
33
What is isozymes?
Two enzymes that can catalyze the same reaction
34
What is and causes Denaturation?
It's a loss of shape and function due to heat or pH
35
What is glycoprotein?
Large protein + small carbohydrate Includes enzyme, antibodies, hormones, and mucus production
36
What is proteoglycan?
Large polysaccharides + polypeptides Promote viscosity( the state of being thick and sticky)
37
What are nucleus acids?
Large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level
38
Functions of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid: double stranded Determines inherited characteristics Directs protein synthesis Controls enzyme production Controls metabolism Stores genetic information that controls protein synthesis
39
Functions of RNA
Ribonucleic acid: single stranded Controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis Perform protein synthesis as directed by DNA
40
Structure of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA are strings of nucleotide DNA: double stranded, forms double helix RNA: single stranded, bind to itself Purines pair with pyrimidines A-T(U) & C-G
41
What are nucleotides? And 3 molecular parts?
The building blocks of DNA and RNA Have three molecular parts A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) A phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A,T,C,G or U)
42
What are the types of RNA?
``` Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ```
43
What can be used to store energy?
Nucleotides Adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate --Adding a phosphate group to ADP with high energy bond to form the high energy compound ATP ATPase - enzyme that catalyze a phophorylation (addition of high energy phosphate group to molecule) ADP to ATP
44
What is a metabolic turnover?
It lets your body grow, change and adapt to new conditions and activities
45
What does high energy compounds do?
Store or transfer energy
46
What does more H+ ions or less H+ ions mean in PH scale?
More H+ ions mean lower pH(acidic), less H+ ions mean higher pH (basic)
47
Is acid proton donor or acceptor?
Acid is proton donor | Base is proton acceptor
48
What is importance of oxygen?
Compound of water and gaseous form is essential for respiration
49
Carbon
Found is all organic molecules
50
Hydrogen
Compound of water and most other compound in body
51
Nitrogen
Found in protein,nucleic acids, and other organic compounds
52
Calcium
Found in bones and teeth | Important for membrane function, nervous system and blood clotting also muscle contraction
53
Phosphorus
Found in bones and teeth, nucleic acid and high energy compound
54
Potassium
Important for proper membrane function, nervous System and muscle contraction
55
Sodium
Important for blood volume, nerve pulses and membrane function
56
Chlorine
Important for blood volume,membrane function and water absorption
57
Magnesium
A cofactor for many enzymes
58
Sulfur
Found in many proteins
59
Iron
Important for Oxygen transport and energy capture
60
Iodine
Component for thyroid hormones
61
Trace elements
Silicon, fluorine, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, cobalt, chromium, tin, aluminum, boron
62
Functions of trace elements
Some function as cofactors
63
What is function of monosaccharides? Give examples? How it is obtained
their function is energy source Glucose and fructose Created in the body by the food we consume, distributed in body fluids
64
What is function of disaccharides? Give examples? How it is obtained
Energy source is their function Sucrose, lactose, and maltose Sucrose(table sugar) Lactose(milk) Maltose(malt sugar) All have to be broken down into monosaccharides before absorption
65
What is function of polysaccharides? Give examples? How it is obtained?
Function is glucose storage Glycogen ``` Animal cells (glycogen) Plant cells ( cellulose and starch) ```
66
What is the function of fatty acids? How it is obtained? Examples?
Function is energy source Absorbed from food or synthesized in cells Transported in the blood
67
What is the function of Eicosanoids ? How it is obtained? Examples?
Chemical messengers coordinating local cellular activities Prostaglandins are produced in most body tissues Prostaglandins, leukotrienes are some examples
68
What is the function of glycerides? How it is obtained? Examples?
Energy source, energy storage, insulation, and physical protection Stored in fat deposits; must be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol before they can be used as energy source Monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglyceride
69
What is the function of steroids? How it is obtained? Examples?
Structural component of plasma membranes, hormones, digestive secretion Same carbon ring framework Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone
70
What is the function of phospholipids and glycolipids? How it is obtained? Examples?
Structural components of plasma membranes Derived from fatty acids Lecithin is a phospholipid

Anatomy And Physiological (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions