Cellular level of organization Flashcards
What are sex cells(germ cell) and somatic cells? When are they applied?
Sex cells are haploid
Somatic cells are diploid
Sex cells or haploid are used during meiosis
Somatic cells or diploid are used during mitosis
What are the two types of cells?
Haploid and diploid
What is extra cellular fluid or interstitial fluid?
It’s the watering thing that surrounds the cell
What does plasma membrane (cell membrane) do?
Separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid
What are the functions of plasma membrane?
Physical isolation: barrier
Regulates exchange with environment: ions and nutrients enter, waste eliminated and Cellular products released
Monitors the environment: extracellular fluid composition, chemical signals
Structural support: anchors cells and tissues
What is double layer of phospholipid? And what determines hydrophobic and hydrophilic?
Double layer of phospholipid is barrier to ions and water or soluble compounds
The head of both sides are hydrophilic and it is outside of the membrane
The fatty acids tails are hydrophobic and they are inside of the membrane
What is integral protein
Within the membrane
Peripheral proteins
Bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane
Anchoring protein (stabilizer)
Attach to inside or outside structures
Recognition proteins (identifier)
Label cells as normal or abnormal
Receptor protein
Binds and responds to ligand(ions or hormones)
Carrier Proteins
Transport specific solutes through membrane
Channels
Regulate water flow and solutes through membrane
What are plasma membrane composed of and what are the functions
They are formed of lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Their function: isolation,protection, sensitivity, support and controls entry and exit of materials
What is cytosol composed of and its function
Distributes materials by diffusion
What is cytoskeleton composed of and its function?examples
Proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes
Their function is Strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials.
Structural proteins for shape and strength
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
What is the function of microvilli? What are they attach to?
Increase surface area to facilitate(make easier) absorption of extracellular materials
Attach to cytoskeleton
What is the function of Centrioles in Centrosome?
Essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton
Centrioles form spindle apparatus during cell division
Function of cilia
Movement of materials or fluids across the cell surface
Small hair like extension
What is the function of ribosome? What does it have to do with endo plasmic reticulum?
Ribosome is important for building polypeptides in protein synthesis
Fixed ribosome attach to endoplasmic reticulum
Free ribosomes are scattered in cytoplasm
What is the function of proteasomes?
Breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum function
Synthesis of secretory products( proteins, carbohydrate,lipids) intracellular storage and transport (materials within ER)
Difference between rough ER and smooth ER
Rough ER has ribosome attached to membranes;
Smooth ER no ribosomes attached
synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
Function of rough ER
Modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins
Function of smooth ER
Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
Function of golgi apparatus
Storage, alteration and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
Add or remove membrane components
Function of lysosome
Clean up inside cells,self destruction of damaged cells
Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens
Lyso-dissovle soma -body
Lysis-damage
Peroxisome function
Catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process
Function of nucleus
Control metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis
What are nonmembranous organelles? What are they direct contact with? What do they include
No membrane
Direct contact with cytosol
Includes cytoskeleton,microvilli,Centrioles,cilia,ribosome,and proteasomes
What are membranous organelles? What are they direct contact with? What do they include
Covered with plasma membrane
Isolated from cytosol
Includes ER,golgi apparatus,lysosome, peroxisomes, and mitochondria
Differences between Microfilaments,intermediate filaments and microtubules
Microfilaments are thin filaments
Intermediate filaments are mid sized
Microtubules are large tubulin protein attach to Centrosome; form spindle apparatus.
What are 5 types of membranous organelles
ER Golgi apparatus Lysosome Peroxisomes Mitochondria
Mitochondria function
Takes chemical energy from food (glucose) and produces energy molecule ATP
What is aerobic metabolism
It’s for cellular respiration and mitochondria use oxygen to break down foods and produce ATP
What is the process of glycolisis
Glucose to pyruvic acid in cytosol
Relationship between nucleus,chromosome, DNA and protein
Nucleus–chromosome–DNA–stores genetic info for proteins– protein determines cell structure and function
What is transcription
Copying instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)
What is translation
Ribosome reads choose from mRNA (in cytoplasm)
Assembels amino acids into polypeptide chain
What are three steps of transcription of MRNA
gene activation
DNA to mRNA
RNA processing
What is gene activation?and the process? What step of transcription is it?
It uncoils DNA, removes histone
Promotes and stop the codes on DNA
What is the process of DNA to mRNA ?What step of transcription is it?
RNA polymerase transcribes DNA
Binds to promoter(start) sequence
Reads DNA code for gene
Binds nucleotides to form messenger rna
MRNA duplicates DNA coding Strand uracil to thymine
What is the process of rna processing?what step of transcription is it?
At stop signal, mRNA detaches from DNA molecule
Code is edited (rna processing) Unnecessary codes are removed (introns) Good codes(exons) spliced together Triplet of three nucleotides (codon) represents one amino acid
What are the steps of translation?
The ribosome binds to mRNA at a specific area.
The ribosome starts matching tRNA anticodon sequences to the mRNA codon sequence.
Each time a new tRNA comes into the ribosome, the amino acid that it was carrying gets added to the elongating polypeptide chain.
How mRNA moves in translation
MRNA moves from the nucleus through a nuclear pore
To a ribosome in cytoplasm,surrounded by amino acids
MRNA binds to ribosomal subunits, Trna delivers amino acids to mRNA
Trna anti codon binds to mRNA codon
Enzymes join amino acids with preptide bonds
At stop codon, components separate
Is plasma membrane permeable, impermeable, or selectively permeable
Selectively permeable
Allow some materials to move freely and restricts others
Selectively permeable restricts materials based on?
Size,charge,molecular shape and lipid solubility
Difference between active and passive transport
Active transport requires ATP and energy
Passive transport doesn’t require any energy
What is diffusion?
Movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration
Solute spreads through solvent eliminates concentration Gradient
Solute move down the concentration Gradient
What is osmosis
There is a semipermiable barrier between 2 solution, solute cannot mix
Solvent(water molecules)move from low concentration to high concentration
Diffusion of water across the cell membrane
Does diffusion needs energy?
No, It is passive, doesn’t need any energy
Is vesicular transport active or passive
Active
What does concentration gradient mean
More solute in one part of a solvent than another
What compounds diffuse through plasma membrane by simple diffusion?give examples
Lipid soluble and dissolved gasses
ie alcohols,fatty acids,steroids,oxygen and carbon dioxide
What compounds diffuse through transmembrane proteins (channels)? give examples
Water soluble compounds pass through transmembrane protein
ie ions
In osmosis, what happens to water molecules if there is more solute molecule
The concentration of water or solvent will be low
In osmosis, what is the membrane permeability to water and solvent
Membrane must be freely permeable to water AND selectively permeable to solutes
What is isotonic?
Water cannot flow in or out of the cell
Size of the cell is constant
Hypotonic definition
Hypo-less
Has less solutes
More water in the cell, gains water
Burst
Hypertonic definition
Hyper-above
Has more solutes and loses water
More water outside the cell
Shrinks
What are carrier proteins?.
they transport molecules that are too large to fit through channel proteins (glucose and amino acids)
What are active transport proteins?
They move against the concentration Gradient, it requires energy. Countertransport two ions the Same time.
Process of facilitated diffusion
Give examples
Carrier protein passively transport solutes across a membrane down a concentration Gradient
Glucose,and amino acids
Active transport process and examples
Carrier protein actively transport solutes across a membrane, often against a concentration Gradient
Ie. Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+
Secondary active transport process and examples
Carrier protein passively transport two solutes,with one (Na+) moving down the concentration Gradient
