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LEC 2 INFECTION CONTROL Flashcards

1
Q

what is the estimate amount of HAI every year?

A

722,000

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2
Q

How many deaths occur in the estimated HAIs?

A

75,000

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3
Q

It’s the source, susceptible host, and mode of transmission

A

Infectious disease

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4
Q

It’s how long the virus stays on different surfaces

A

Standard Precaution

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5
Q

It’s some numbers and data about the spread

A

Transmission based precaution

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6
Q

“together we can overcome this pandemic”

A

Sterilization vs disinfection

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7
Q

cause by microscopic organisms that penetrate the body’s natural barriers and multiply to create symptoms that can range from mild to deadly

A

Infectious diseases

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8
Q

Give an example of infections

A

-measles
-yellow fever
-common cold
-tuberculosis
-mumps
-hepatitis
-influenza

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9
Q

Infectious agents transmitted during healthcare derive primarily from human sources but inanimate environmental sources also are implicated in transmission

A

Source

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10
Q

Human reservoirs include?

A

Patients
Healthcare personnel
Household members
Visitors

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11
Q

What are the inanimate environmental sources?

A
  1. Dry surfaces in patient care areas
  2. Wet surfaces, moist environment and biofilms
  3. Indwelling medical devices
  4. Dust or decaying debris
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12
Q

Someone who is not vaccinated or otherwise immune, or a person with weakened immune system who has a way for the germs to enter the body.

A

Susceptible person

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13
Q

T or F: For an infection to occur, germs must enter a susceptible person’s body and invade tissues, multiply, and cause a reaction

A

True

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14
Q

T or F: Devices like IV catheters and surgical incisions does not provide an entryway, whereas a healthy immune system helps fight infection

A

False

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15
Q

T or F: Recognizing the factors that increase patients; susceptibility to infection allows providers to recognize risks and perform basic infect

A

True

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16
Q

What are the routes of transmission?

A
  1. Direct/indirect
  2. Droplet
  3. Airborne
  4. Bloodborne viruses
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17
Q

Occurs when microorganisms are transferred from one infected person to another without contaminated objects

A

Direct transmission

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18
Q

Involves the transfer of an infectious agent through a contaminated object

A

Indirect transmission

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19
Q

respiratory droplets carrying infectious pathogens transmit infection when they travel directly from respiratory tract

A

Droplet transmission

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20
Q

respiratory droplets are generated when an infected person:

A

Coughs
Sneezes
Talk

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21
Q

Respiratory droplets are generated during procedures such as?

A
  1. Suctioning
  2. Endotracheal intubation
  3. Cough induction by chest physiotherapy
  4. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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22
Q

It occurs by dissemination of either airborne droplet nuclei or small particles in the respirable size range containing infectious agents that remain infective over time and distance

A

Airborne transmission

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23
Q

Microorganisms carried in this manner may be dispersed over long distances by air currents and may be inhaled by susceptible individuals

A

Airborne transmission

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24
Q

for example: in contaminated food or intravenous solution

A

Direct Contact

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25
for example: from px to px on hands of health care workers (MRSA, rotavirus)
Indirect contact
26
for example, inhalation of droplets (.5um in diameter) that cannot travel more than 3 FEET.
Droplet contact
27
inhalation of droplets (.5um) in large distances on air currents (tuberculosis)
Airborne contact
28
disease spread by vectors such as mosquitoes (malaria) or rats, it is rare in hospitals within developed countries
Vector-borne
29
Intended to be applied to care of all patients in healthcare, regardless suspected or confirmed infectious agent.
Standard precaution
30
Implementing this constitutes th primary strategy for the prevention of infections among patients
Standard precaution
31
this combine the major features of universal precautions (UP) and body substances isolation (BSI)
Standard precaution
32
Give the 12 steps of handwashing
Kaya monayan
33
Give the 8 steps of hand rubbing
Kaya Mona ulit yan
34
Give the proper protocol for wearing PPE
1. LabCoat 2. Mask 3. Goggles 4. Gloves
35
In respiratory hygiene, what is the measure for spatial separation?
>3 feet
36
What is the practice of grouping tgt px colonized or infected by same organism to confine?
Cohorting
37
Px actively infected with or incubation transmissible infectious diseases are seen frequently in this settings
Ambulatory settings
38
The patient placement concerns focus on protecting others in home from exposure to an infectious member
Home care
39
intended to prevent transmission of infectious agents, including epidemiologically important microorganisms, which are spread by direct or indirect contact with px.
Contact precaution
40
also apply where the presence of excessive wound drainage, fecal incontinence, or other discharges from the body suggest an increased risk.
Contact precaution
41
Intended to prevent transmission of pathogens through close respiratory contact with respiratory secretions
Droplet precaution
42
prevent transmission of infectious agents that remain for over long distances when suspended in air (measles, chickenpox, m.tuberculosis, SARS-CoV)
Airborne precaution
43
What is the preferred placement for px with airborne precaution?
Airborne Infection Isolation room (AIIR)
44
AIIR is equipped with special air handling ventilation capacity that meet the standards of?
American Institute of Architects/Facility Guidelines Institute (AIA/FGI)
45
The AIIR is monitored by negative pressure relative to surrounding area and has __ exchanges per hour for new construction and renovation, and __ air exchanges per hour for existing facilities.
12 exch/hr for NEW 6 exch/hr for EXISTING
46
destruction of all forms of life including bacterial spores, there's no degree of it--it's all-or-nothing process.
STERILIZATION
47
Refers to process that eliminates a defined scope of microorganisms including some spores
Disinfection
48
applied to the skin for eliminating or reducing the number of bacteria is?
antiseptic
49
What is the organism most known today to be the most resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation?
Prions
50
Prions can withstand temperatures exceeding ___C for several hours while immersed in acid or basic soln.
121C
51
This determines the exposure time that is necessary for 99.9% elimination of microorganisms. The higher number it is, the longer exposure needed.
Microbial load (bioburden)
52
refers to the amount of disinfectant needed to destroy microorganisms varies with different agents. This ensures the in activation of target organisms and promote safe and cost effective practices
Concentration of disinfecting agent
53
amount of time a disinfectant or sterilant can kill the organism. for exmaple, alcohol and iodine needs to stay 1-2 minutes to destroy
Contact time
54
It can affect the activity of the agent, critical to make sure at what __ the agent is active
pH
55
considered a community of Bacteria or other microorganisms. they usually have general layers of microorganisms that have protective material
Biofilm
56
a method of treating infectious waster, safest method to ensure that no infective materials remain in samples
Incineration
57
Incineration burns to ashes at what temperature?
870-980C
58
Used to sterilize biohazardous trash and heat-stable objects: an autoclave (large pressure cooker).
Moist heat
59
Moist heat in the form of saturated steam under __ atm ( __ lbs psi ) causes irreversible denaturation of enzymes
1 atmosphere (15 pounds per square inch)
60
most commonly used steam sterilizer in microbiology laboratory is the?
Gravity displacement autoclave
61
What are the 2 common sterilization temperatures in moist heat or autoclaving?
121C and 132C
62
It is the fastest and simplest physical method of sterilization
Moist heat
63
Dry heat requires longer exposure times (__ to __ hours)
1.5 to 3 hours
64
used to sterilize items such as glassware, oil, petrolatum, or powders
Dry heat/dry heat ovens
65
method of choice for antibiotic solutions, toxic chemicals, radioisotopes, vaccines, and carbohydrates, which are all heat sensitive.
Filtration
66
Filtration of liquids is accomplished by pulling solution through?
cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate membrane with a vacuum
67
Filtration of filters uses high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters to removed organisms larger than?
0.3 mm
68
in the form of gamma rays or electron beams, short wavelength and high energy. used for disposable supplies
Ionizing radiation
69
in the form of gamma rays or electron beams, short wavelength and high energy. used for disposable supplies
Ionizing radiation
70
In the form of UV rays and long wavelength and low energy. It damages DNA by forming cytosine and thymine. Has poor penetrability.
Nonionizing radiation
71
most common chemical sterilant and used in gaseous form for sterilizing heat-sensitive objects, disadvantage are lengthy cycle times and potential health hazard
Ethylene Oxide (EtO)
72
It is a chemosterilizer for HEPA filters, BSC, metals and nonmetal.
Vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide
73
What is the boiling degree that kills vegetative bacteria in physical method?
100C for 15 minutes
74
What is the pasteurizing degree that kills food pathogens without damaging nutritional value
70C for 30 minutes
75
What are the 3 physical method of disinfection?
1. Boiling: 100C for 15 mins 2. Pasteurizing: 70C for 30 mins 3. Use Nonionizing rad
76
Any solution of an alcohol used for antiseptic must be filtered through ___ um filter to remove any spores.
0.22 um
77
used to disinfect Biosafety hoods, a formalin, and a 37% aqueous solution.
Formaldehyde
78
a saturated five-carbon dialdehyde that has broad-spectrum activity and rapid killing action.
Glutaraldehyde
79
When glutaraldehyde is used as 2% solution, it is germicidal in approximately, and sporicidal in?
10 minutes and sporicidal in 3 to 10 hours
80
alcohol and iodine solution used as antiseptic
Tincture
81
A combination of iodine and neutral polymer
Iodophor
82
What are the oldest and most commonly used disinfectants?
Chlorine - hypochlorite for 3 mins
83
Cationic, surface-active agents or surfactant that work by reducing surface tension of molecules in liquid
Detergents
84
have a fairly broad spectrum of activity but are not sporicidal. adding detergent makes product clean in one step. Commonly found in germicidal soap
Phenolics
85
What are the most common phenolics?
ortho-phenylphenol and ortho-benzyl-para chlorophenol
86
These are disinfectants slowly bactericidal, have been replaced by safer and more effective compounds. action is BACTERIOSTATIC
Heavy metal disinfectants

SPDX (5 decks)

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