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PARASITOLOGY > Lec 2: Immunology of Parasites (dr. bato) > Flashcards

Lec 2: Immunology of Parasites (dr. bato) Flashcards

1
Q

process by which all living organisms defend themselves against infection

A

Immunology

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2
Q

A tenet that explains the evolution and adaptation of organisms to changing conditions/environments

A

Natural Selection

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3
Q

This refers to the specificity of parasites to host organisms.

A

Host-Parasite Interacion

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4
Q

resistance to disease

A

immunity

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5
Q

cells, tissues, molecules mediating resistance

A

immune system

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6
Q

coordinaed reaction of the immune system

A

immune response

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7
Q

Most important function of the immune system

A

prevent infections and eradicate established infections

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8
Q

mediator of humoral immunity

A

B lymphocyte

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9
Q

mediator of cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocyte

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10
Q

cells of innate immunity

A

natural killer cells

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11
Q

an antigen-presenting cell, it also initiates T cell response. It processes microbes and put MCH in the membrane

A

Dendritic cells

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12
Q

Antigen-presenting cell and is involved in the effector phase of cell mediated immunity

A

macrophages

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13
Q

aid in priming the T-lymphocyte

A

helper t cells

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14
Q

summation of all the naturally occurring defense mechanism that protect an individual from foreign invaders

A

Innate Immunity

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15
Q

what are the two major components of innate immunity

A
  1. Skin and mucous membranes such as GI, respiratory tract, vaginal lining
  2. Cellular components mediating inflammation and adverse defense
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16
Q

provides effective surface protection against microbial invasion

A

Intact Skin

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17
Q

PARASITES THAT INVADE THROUGH SKIN PENETRATION

A

o Hookworm and Strongyloidesspp. Filariform larvae

o Schistosoma spp. Cercaria

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18
Q

what parasites can escape the acidic ph barrier

A

o Ascaris spp, Trichuris spp, Taenia spp because their embryonated eggs have thick shells
o Entamoeba spp. and Giardia spp. are also resistant

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19
Q

these parasites cant evade the acidic ph

A

o Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites

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20
Q

results in acquisition of immunologic memory and production of antibody

A

Adaptive immunity

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21
Q

Ensures that distinct antigens elicit responses that target those antigens

A

Specificity

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22
Q

Enables immune system to respond to a large variety of anitgens

A

Diversity

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23
Q

Leads to rapid and enhanced responses to a large variety of antigen

A

Memory

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24
Q

Increase number of antigen-specific lymphocyte to keep pace with microbes

A

Clonal Expansion

25
Q

Generates responses that are optimal for defense against different microbes

A

Specialization

26
Q

Allow immune system to respond to newly encountered antigens

A

Contraction and Homeostasis

27
Q

Prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens

A

Nonreactivity to self

28
Q

mediated by antibodies, immunoglobulins

A

humoral immunity

29
Q

mediated by t lymphocytes

A

cell-mediated immunity

30
Q

enhance proliferation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes into plasma cells

A

TH2 lymphocytes: IL-4, IL-5, IL-6

31
Q

activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes and macrophages

A

TH1 lymphocytes: gamma-IFN , IL-2

32
Q

2 actions mediated by TH1 lymphocytes on parasites

A

ACTIONS:

  1. Direct cytotoxicity on the parasite
  2. Indirect by acting on NK cells or the Ab producing B-lymphocyte
33
Q

As the host’s immune response is geared towards parasite destruction, the parasite keeps mounting various mechanisms to avoid the destructive effect of the host response. what is this mechanism called

A

parasitic evasion mechanism

34
Q

what are the 4 parasitic evasion mechanisms?

A

immune suppression,
antigenic variation,
host mimicry and
intracellular sequestration

35
Q

this is a parasitic evasion mechanism wherein parasites reduce the immune function of macrophages by lowering capacity of phagocytosis and cause defective processing of antigens

A

Immune suppression

36
Q

this is performed by coating particles of bentonite with test Ag then flocculation is observed on addition of serum
For diagnosis ofTrichinosis caused by Trichinella spiralis

A

Bentonite Flocculation (BF)

37
Q

Involves transfer of DNA-containing material to a nitrocellulose membrane where it is fixed

A

DNA Probe

38
Q

This technique is done through these steps:
• Fluorescence of parasite Ag is induced by Monoclonal Antibody (MAb)
• MAbs are produced in vitro against the parasite
• Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are fluorescently tagged
• Mabs bind to parasite antigen
• Organism fluoresces with fluorescent microscope to visually detect them

A

Direct Immunofluorescence (DFA)

39
Q

Several different procedures determining presence or absence of parasite antigens and antibodies

Most widely used

A

Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)

40
Q

this technique is done via these steps:
• Known parasite antigen is exposed to the patient serum suspected with Abs of the parasite
• Ab in serum bind to Ag of the parasite
• Slide is then washed to remove the serum
• Slide is covered with a solution containing the fluorescent dye coupled with antihuman globulin (AHG)
• After washing, any fluorescent dye remaining indicates presence of Ab in the specimen.

• May test IgG or IgM

A

Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA)

41
Q

this technique depends on agglutination or clumping of antigen-coated sheep RBCs by Abs in the test serum

A

Indirect Hemagglutination (IHA)

42
Q

this is a technique wherein protein from patient’s sample is electrophoresed onto a polyacrylamide gel

A

Immunoblot (IB)

43
Q

Similar to bentonite flocculation but uses latex particles.

A

Latex Agglutination (LA)

44
Q

Low levels of specific DNA sequences are amplified to levels of detection through the action of the enzyme DNA Polymerase

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

45
Q

Test serum added to sorbent and then washed then incubated with radioactively labeled Ab to human IgG and IgE then washed.

A

Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST)

46
Q

Which of the following is not the role of your immune system?

a. Inflammation and allergy
b. Cancer defense and surveillance\
c. Prevention and eradication of infection
d. Nutritional indicator

A

d. Nutritional indicator

47
Q

Colony expansion is one of the properties of adaptive immune system it means that?

A

Antigen presenting specific lymphocyte secretes a feedback phase against microbes

48
Q

19 y/o male patient came into your parents. You heard that he did not successfully produce antibodies after he is vaccinated. Which of the following cells is the culprit for the failedvaccination

A

Memory Cell

49
Q

Your 22 y/o rich female classmate came from her south American tour and noticed that she has swollen left eyelid (ROMANA,S SIGN). What type of parasite invading mechanism does the suspected parasite exhibit?

A

Ag variation or Intracellular sequestration

50
Q

Which of the following do not exhibit immune suppression as a means of parasite invasion.

a. Trypanooma (cruzi)gambiense
b. Wuchereriabancrofti
c. Brugiamalayi
d. Plasmodium ovale

A

a. Trypanooma (cruzi)gambiense

51
Q
  1. Which of the following parasites produce Ag that consumes complement?
    a. Plasmodium
    b. Paragonimus
    c. Schistosoma
    d. C. sinensis
A

c. Schistosoma

52
Q

E. Granulosus hydatid cyst exhibit what type of parasite evasion mechanism?

A

Host mimicry

53
Q

Latex agglutination has similar mechanism with this type of immunodiagnostic test.

A

Bentonite Flocculation

54
Q
  1. DNA probe detect early this parasite
    a. T. vaginalis
    b. T. cruzi
    c. S. mikongi
    d. D. latum
A

a. T. vaginalis

55
Q
  1. What to you see in a CBC of a pediatric patient with Ascaris infection?
    a. Eosinophilia
    b. Neutrophilia
    c. Anemia
    d. Lymphocytosis
A

a. Eosinophilia

56
Q

Wha are the 4 types of hypersensitivity?

A

Type 1 Anaphylactic reactions
2 Cytotoxic reactions
3 immune complex reactions
4 Delayed cell mediated

57
Q

Which of the immune cells mediate for vasodilation and allergic response and what does its granules contain?

A

Mast cell, Histamine

58
Q

Trypanosoma gambiense uses antigenic variation. What do you call the antigen that fools the immune system?

A

Variant specific glycoprotein (VSG)

PARASITOLOGY (2 decks)

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