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BIOL 107 > LEC 2-Chemical Bonds and Macromolecules > Flashcards

LEC 2-Chemical Bonds and Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Monomer

A

Monomers are the building blocks of polymers. Usually a fairly small and simple molecule. (Example: glucose, amino acids)

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2
Q

Define: Dimer

A

Two monomers joined covalently.

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3
Q

Define: Oligomer

A

A fairly short chain of covalently-bonded monomers (Olig- means “few”)

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4
Q

Define: Polymer

A

Long chain of repeating subunits (monomers) joined covalently.

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5
Q

Define: Homopolymer

A

A polymer made up of identical repeating subunits

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6
Q

Define: Heteropolymer

A

A polymer made up of nonidentical repeating subunits

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7
Q

Define: Polymerization

A

The process of building a polymer of monomers

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8
Q

Define: Dehydration synthesis

A

The process by which bonds are formed between monomers by the removal of a water molecule; this is also called a condensation reaction.

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9
Q

Define: Hydrolysis

A

The process by which bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of a water molecule.

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10
Q 
Which of the following is not a polymer, and why?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Nucleic Acids
D. Lipids
E. All are considered polymers
A

D. Lipids.

Even though they are built together from smaller molecules, they are not built from monomers.

Lipids have a glycerol backbone and hydrocarbon chains, but they are not monomers that repeat (BUT THEY STILL UNDERGO DEHYDRATION AND HYDROLYSIS FOR BUILD-UP AND BREAKDOWN).

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11
Q

A beta-globin polypeptide contains 146 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are in this molecule? How many water molecules were released in this process?

A

145 peptide bonds in this polypeptide (1 between the first 2 amino acids and 1 for each additional amino acid.

This means there are 145 water molecules released.

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12
Q

What type of bond can monosaccharides undergo to form polysaccharides

A. Alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkages in chitin
B. Beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages in starch
C. Phosphodiester linkages
D. Beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages in cellulose
E. Alpha 1-3 glycosidic linkages in starch

A

Answer is: D!

Glycosidic linkages (both alpha and beta) are between Carbons 1 and 4 (so e can be eliminated).

Next, glycosidic linkages happen in only starch and cellulose for purposes of bio 107 (so a can be eliminated)

Phosphodiester linkages happen in nucleic acids (so c can be eliminated)

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13
Q

Of the following DNA sequences, which DNA molecule would be more stable (sequences shown as one strand of a double stranded molecule)? Why?

A. 5’-GCTAGCCAG-3’
B. 5’-GCTAAACTT-3’

A

Answer: A

In A, the double stranded DNA would create 6 G-C pairs wheras the second would create 3. G-C base pairs would be more stable because G-C are bonded by 3 hydrogen bonds.

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14
Q

Define: Primary Structure

A

The sequence of amino acids in the protein, joined by covalent peptide bonds.

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15
Q

Define: Secondary Structure

A

Folding of certain regular sections of the polypeptide into alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets, due to hydrogen bonds between the peptide backbones

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16
Q

Define: Tertiary Structure

A

Folding of a polypeptide into its complex 3D shape, due to the hydrophobic interactions of non-polar R groups drive a.a away from water into middle of the protein

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17
Q

Define: Quaternary Structure

A

Association of 2 or more polypeptides to form a functional protein, due to various interactions between side chains of amino acids on different polypeptide subunits.

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18
Q

What protein structures are considered functional proteins?

A

Tertiary and Quaternary structures!

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19
Q

What are the 4 classes of amino acids? What chemical groups are typically found in each side chain. Indicate whether each is hydrophilic or hydrophobic.

A
  1. Non-polar amino acids–> carbon & hydrogen. They are hydrophobic
  2. Uncharged polar amino acids–> OH group. They are hydrophilic
  3. Acid (negatively charged) amino acid–> COO- group. They are hydrophilic
  4. Basic (positively charged) amino acids–> NH3+. They are hydrophilic
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20
Q

True of False?

Cholesterol decreases membrane fluidity in colder conditions.

A

False!

Cholesterol’s job in colder conditions is to increase membrane fluidity.

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21
Q

True or False?

Lipids are not soluble in water?

A

True!

Lipids are non-polar; therefore, they do not dissolve in water.

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22
Q

What elements does DNA usually have?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Nitrogen

CHOPN

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23
Q

What elements do Proteins usually have?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur and Nitrogen.

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24
Q

What molecules can water associate with?

A

Any molecule that is charged (ions) or has a dipole (polar).

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25
Q

What is the term to describe molecules that do not favour interactions with water?

A

Aggregation

26
Q

Why is life mostly carbon-based?

A

1) Carbon atom can bond to 4 atoms
2) Carbon can bond to form long C-C chains
3) Carbon can form double and triple bonds

27
Q

Why are polymers more biologically important than monomers?

A

Polymers allow for variation to promote biological diversity.
(eg. 20 a.a make many diff types of proteins)

28
Q

Is water a product or reactant in dehydration synthesis? Does this release energy or absorb energy?

A

PRODUCT :)

It absorbs energy.

29
Q

Is water a product or reactant in hydrolysis?

Does this require energy or absorb energy?

A

REACTANT :)

It releases energy.

30
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

1) Energy storage
2) Cell structure
3) Cell-cell recognition

31
Q

What is the reactive functional group in glucose that allows for extensibility?

A

H atom and OH group

32
Q

What is the main source of energy in a cell (monomer)

A

Glucose

33
Q

What is the bond that is found in starch?

A

α 1-4 glycosidic bond

34
Q

What type of polysaccharide is starch?

A

A nutritional polysaccharide.

35
Q

What type of polysaccharide is glycogen?

A

A nutritional polysaccharide.

36
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

During fasting, glycogen is broken down and released from the liver into the blood as glucose.

37
Q

What type of polysaccharide is cellulose?

A

A structural polysaccharide.

38
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Build plant cell wall

39
Q

What are the bonds in cellulose?

A

β 1-4 glycosidic bonds

40
Q

What type of polysaccharide is chitin?

A

A structural polysaccharide

41
Q

Where is chitin found?

A

Chitin is found in insect exoskeleton (Makes insects sound crunchy) and fungal cell wall

42
Q

What are the bonds in chitin?

A

Modified β glycosidic bonds

43
Q

What two polysaccharides have glycosidic linkages?

A

Starch and Cellulose

No, not chitin and glycogen

44
Q

Why is butter a solid at room temperature while olive oil is a liquid?

A

Butter is a saturated fat which means its molecular structure is linear (single bonds) so it has the ability to be packed together.

Olive oil is unsaturated (double bonds) which means it has kinks in it. Therefore, the lipid cannot be packed.

45
Q

What are the major functions of steroids?

A

1) Hormones (estrogen & testosterone)

2) In animals, cholesterol sits in plasma membrane to maintain membrane fluidity

46
Q

What are the two functional groups of amino acids?

A

Amino group and carboxyl group

47
Q

What bond are amino acids linked by?

A

Peptide bonds

48
Q

What is the directionality in the translation of amino acids?

A

There is a N—->C directionality.

49
Q

What is important to note about the R groups in secondary structure (proteins)?

A

That R groups do not stabilize the folding, they only drive it.

50
Q

What are the forces that hold up the tertiary and quaternary structures?

A

1) Covalent bonds
2) Ionic bonds (b/w oppositely charged amino acids)
3) Hydrophobic interactions (b/w non-polar amino acids)
4) Hydrogen bonds (b/w polar uncharged amino acids)

51
Q

What are chaperones?

A

Proteins that assist in the folding of other proteins.

52
Q

What happens when a protein does not fold properly?

A

Mis-folded proteins aggregate in the cell and cause cell death.

53
Q

What are 4 diseases that are caused due to improper folding of proteins?

A

1) Mad Cow disease
2) Alzheimers
3) Parkinsons
4) Sickle Cell Anemia

54
Q

At what carbon of DNA nucleotides deoxygenated?

A

The second carbon

55
Q

What is the directionality of a DNA strand

A

5’—->3’

56
Q

Why is RNA single stranded?

A

2 OH makes the helix more open and more reactive. Therefore, there are free base pairs with itself, other RNA or DNA

57
Q

Why can certain animals eat/digest grass?

A

The β bonds can be broken down by bacteria by the enzyme cellulase

58
Q

What are the 8 subunits of a nucleosome?

A

H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (2 each)

59
Q

What is the difference between starch structure and cellulose structure?

A

Starch-the α bonds cause OH group to point in the same direction
Cellulose- β bonds cause glucose to alternate orientations

60
Q

How can you identify the 4 nitrogen bases?

A

Adenine- All N’s and double-ringed
Guanine-Has an O branch and double-ringed
Thymine-Three branches
Cytosine- Less than 3 branches (two)

BIOL 107 (12 decks)

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