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CNS > lec 2 > Flashcards

lec 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the spinal cord ends opposite to in adult ? at birth? why?

A

the disc between L1 & 2 in adults. At birth, it ends opposite L3. Later, the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord.

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2
Q

the spinal cord has 2 enlargement ?at which segment? they give origin to ?

A
  1. Cervical enlargement: gives origin to brachial plexus (C4-T1).
  2. Lumbar enlargement: gives origin to lumbar & sacral plexuses (L1-S4).
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3
Q

the spinal cord consist of ——— segments which consist of ——–

A

31 segments →8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral & 1 coccygeal

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4
Q

C6 segment of spinal cord is opposite ———- vertebra (mention the rule )

A

C5

-1

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5
Q

T6 segment of spinal cord is opposite —— vertebra (mention the rule)

A

-2 (upper 6 thoracic)

T4

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6
Q

T12 segment of spinal cord is opposite —— vertebra (mention the rule)

A

-3 (lower 6 thoracic)

T9

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7
Q

L5 segment of spinal cord is opposite —— vertebra (mention the rule)

A

-4 (lumber)

L1

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8
Q

S2 segment of spinal cord is opposite —— vertebra (mention the rule)

A

All sacral & coccygeal segments →opposite L1-L2 vertebrae

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9
Q

direction of roots of spinal cord
•C1&2 are
•C3-T12 are
•L1-Co are

A

horizontal
oblique
vertical

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10
Q

Exit of spinal nerves from the vertebral canal

  • C1-7
  • T1-L5
  • S1-4
  • S5-Co
A

C1-7 pass above corresponding vertebrae.

  • C8 passes below C7 vertebra.
  • T1-L5 pass below corresponding vertebra. (C2-L5 exit via intervertebral foramina)
  • S1-4 pass via the ant. & post. sacral foramina.
  • S5 & Co pass via the sacral hiatus
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11
Q

The collection of spinal nerves that surround the film terminale below the termination of the spinal cord (i.e., below L2) is called

A

cauda equina

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12
Q

the largest spinal nerve is

A

1st sacral

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13
Q

from above downwards what happens to the size of
spinal nerves
intervertebral foramina

A

increase

decrease

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14
Q

The————- nerves are the most liable to compression

A

4th & 5th lumbar

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15
Q

The 3 meningeal coverings of spinal cord (in ->out)

A

dura matter
arachnoid matter
pie matter

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16
Q

the dura and arachnoid matter ends opposite

A

S2

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17
Q

Pia mater is adherent to———& continuous below as the ————– which pierces—————- to be attached to——————

A

the cord
filum terminale
the tube of dura & arachnoid
the back of coccyx

18
Q

in which space can we find the CSF in spinal cord

A

subarachnoid space

19
Q

Ligamentum denticulatum has ———– teeth connecting ————

A

21

pia matter with the arachnoid and dura

20
Q

subarachnoid septum extends from ——– to ——–

A

posterior median septum –> arachnoid matter

21
Q

A needle is introduced to the spinal ————– Just above or just below the —————– which lies opposite ————–

A

subarachnoid space
tip of 4th lumbar spine
imaginary line connecting the highest points of iliac crests

22
Q

uses of lumber puncture

A
  1. Diagnostic: to measure CSF pressure, obtain sample for analysis (meningitis), or inject air for contrast X-ray (air encephalography).
  2. Therapeutic:to remove some CSF to relieve increased intracranial tension, or to inject antibiotics or spinal anesthesia
23
Q

grey matter parts

A
  1. Anterior horn [motor]
  2. Posterior horn [sensory]
  3. ±Lateral horn [autonomic]
24
Q

grey matter structure

A
  1. Nerve cells (nuclei).
  2. Unmyelinated nerve fibers.
  3. Neuroglia.
  4. Capillaries.
25
Q

white matter structures

A
  1. Myelinated nerve fibers (tracts).
  2. Neuroglia.
  3. Capillaries.
26
Q

Anterior root of spine contains

A

i. Motor fibers (from the anterior horn)

ii. ±Autonomic fibers (from the lateral horn).

27
Q

what type of neurons is the posterior root ganglion

A

pseudounipolar neurons

28
Q

the mixed nerve from the spine exits through the vertebral canal through

A

intervertebral foramen (IVF)

29
Q

which is larger the anterior or posterior ramus

A

anterior ramus

30
Q

Posterior ramus supplies

A

muscles & skin of the back

31
Q

All anterior rami form plexuses except the ———–

A

12 thoracic (intercostal nerves).

32
Q

Only ———– rami send white rami communicants [preganglionic] to sympathetic ganglia

A

14 anterior (12 thoracic + upper 2 lumbar)

33
Q

All 31 anterior rami receive

A

grey rami communicants [postganglionic] from sympathetic ganglia

34
Q

Both rami of C1 spinal nerve are purely ———

A

motor

35
Q

Recurrent meningeal nerve re-enters the spinal canal via IVF to supply the ? plays a role in ?

A

dura, periosteum, blood vessels & I.V. discs

It plays a role in referred pain or occipital headache

36
Q

mention each nucleus (site and function) in the dorsal horn

A
  1. Substantia Gelatinosa of Rolandi: Present at tip of dorsal horn in all segments of spinal cord. * Function: pain modulation.
  2. Nucleus Proprius(Main sensory nucleus): Present anterior to Substantia Gelatinosa in all segments of spinal cord. * Function: relays exteroception.
  3. Nucleus Dorsalis “Clarke‟s Nucleus”: Present at the base of dorsal horn in C8 to L3 segments of the spinal cord. * Function: relays unconscious proprioception.
  4. Visceral Afferent Nucleus: Present in C8 to L3 segments of the spinal cord lies lateral to Clarke‟s Nucleus. * Function: relays visceral sensations.
37
Q

group of autonomic neurons “Sacral Parasympathetic” is present in ————

A

S2-3-4

38
Q

alpha motor neurons vs. gamma motor neurons

A

both pass in ventral root to supply muscle fibers
alpha -> large
gamma-> small , intrafusal muscle fibers

39
Q

The nuclei in the ventral horn are arranged in three groups (mention their location and what they supply ?

A
  1. Medial Group: present throughout the whole length of the spinal cord and supply trunk muscles.
  2. Central Group: present only in some cervical segments e.g. Phrenic Nucleus C3,4,5 & spinal accessory nucleus (C1-5).
  3. Lateral Group: present in cervical & lumbosacral segments and supply limb muscles.
40
Q

mention each laminae of grey matter and its contents

A
  • L I →marginal layer of Waldeyer.
  • L II + part of LIII →Substantia gelatinosa of Rolandi.
  • The rest of LIII + L IV →Main sensory nucleus.
  • Lamina VII →occupies the lateral horn & extends into the middle part of the anterior horn.
  • It contains: 1. Clarke’s nucleus. 2. Lateral horn nuclei (intermediolateral & internediomedial). 3. Middle part of anterior horn (between L VIII & IX), contains Renshaw cells.
  • Laminae VIII-IX → occupy the anterior horn. L IX is lateral. It contains the motor neurons. LVIII is medial. It controls the muscle tone.
  • Lamina X → surrounds the central canal.

CNS (3 decks)

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