lec 1

Question 1

can the CNS regenerate when injured ?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

the PNS is formed of

Answer 2

12 cranial nerves
31 spinal nerves
associated ganglia

Question 3

neurons VS. neuroglial cells

Answer 3

1. Neurons:
   - the anatomical, embryological & functional unit of the nervous tissue.
   - capable of the transmission of nerve impulses.
2. Neuroglia cells:
   - They help in nutrition, support & protection of the neurons. - - - They are unable for the transmission of nerve impulses.

Question 4

the ANS is responsible for the ————– control it divides into —————

Answer 4

involuntary

sympathetic + para

Question 5

nucleus VS. ganglion

Answer 5

both are a group of cell bodies
nucleus –> in CNS , have the same function
ganglion –> in PNS

Question 6

axon vs. dendritic

Answer 6

axon –> single long process carrying impulses away from the neural body
dendritic –> short multiple , carry impulses toward cell body

Question 7

tract (fasciculus) vs. nerve

Answer 7

both are a group of nerve fibers (axons)
tract –> in CNS
nerve –> in PNS

Question 8

the tract fibers has
A. different origin +termination +function
B. different origin + termination , same function
C. different origin +function , same termination
D. different function + termination , same origin
E. same function+ origin +termination

Answer 8

E

Question 9

what is the lemniscus ? we only find the lemniscus in ?

Answer 9

brain stem

collection of ascending fibers

Question 10

commissure vs. decussation

Answer 10

commissure -> band of white or grey matter(group of tracts)
decussation -> ascending or descending tract

they both cross the midline but the commissure connect right and left CNS

Question 11

mention the meninges (outward -> inward)

where does the CSF exist

Answer 11

a. dura matter.
b. arachnoid matter.
c. pia matter.

in the subarachnoid space

Question 12

explain the color of the grey + white matter

Answer 12

grey matter contains cell bodies

white matter contains the axons (which are myelinated –> myelin is white )

Question 13

how is the grey and white matter arrange in the
brain stem
cerebrum
cerebellum

Answer 13

In the brain stem, the grey matter collects into nuclei embedded in the white matter

In the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum, part of the grey matter collects into deep nuclei and another part spreads on the surface forming the cortex

Question 14

the grey and white matter arrangement

brain vs spinal cord

Answer 14

brain -> white in , grey out

spinal cord is the opposite

Question 15

the white matter in SC contains

Answer 15

1. Ascending fibers (sensory tracts)that carry sensations to the brain.
2. Descending tracts (motor tracts)that carry motor orders from the brain.

Question 16

mention each brain vesicle formed embryonically ? and their cavity?

Answer 16

1. Forebrain (prosencephalon): which gives:
   i. a median diencephalon(its cavity is the 3rd ventricle).
   ii. 2 telencephalons or cerebral hemispheres (each contains a cavity →the lateral ventricle).
2. Midbrain (mesencephalon): its cavity is the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius.
3. Hind brain (rhombencephalon):which includes the pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. Its cavity is the 4th ventricle.

Question 17

golgi type 1 neuron has a ———— axon ? examples?

Answer 17

long

pyramidal + purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex and motor cells of spinal cord

Question 18

golgi type 2 neuron has ———- axon? function?

Answer 18

short

inhibitory

Question 19

glial cells form ——- total volume of CNS

Answer 19

1/2

Question 20

astrocytes function and types and shape

Answer 20

Cells with many branches- main support for nerve cells & nerve fibers -electrical insulators -of 2 types (fibrous & protoplasmic)

Question 21

oligodendrocytes shape function

Answer 21

Small cells
with few processes -responsible
for the formation of the myelin
sheath of the nerve fibers of
the CNS.

Question 22

microglia function shape origin

Answer 22

The smallest glial cells -the only glial cells of mesodermal origin (while other glial cells are of ectodermal origin) -act as phagocytes in degenerative and inflammatory conditions.

Question 23

ependyma shape function , they form

Answer 23

Cuboidal ciliated cells that line the cavities of the brain & spinal cord. They also form the cells of choroid plexus. They assist in the formation of CSF.