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LEC 16-17 MIDTERM > Lec 17: Skeletal physiology, articulation > Flashcards

Lec 17: Skeletal physiology, articulation Flashcards

1
Q

What causes bones to lengthen longitudinal?

A

Growth of chondrocytes

(Location: epiphyseal plate)

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2
Q

T/F
The epiphyseal plate is composed of hyaline cartilage that did not ossify?

A

TRUE

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3
Q

List the 5 different zones of cells within epiphyseal plate?
O-C-H&M-P-R

A

[Diaphyseal side]TOP
- Zone of ossification
- Zone of calcification
- Zone of hypertrophy & maturation
- Zone of proliferation
- Zone of reserve cartilage
[Epiphyseal side]BOTTOM

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4
Q

“Chondrocytes” starts to divide (mitosis stage) in which zone?

A

Zone of proliferation

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5
Q

In which zone does chondrocytes enlarge/mature?

A

Hypertrophy & maturation

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6
Q

What happens to chondrocytes in the zone of Calcification?

A

They die&raquo_space; Their matrix calcifies

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7
Q

What happens in th zone of ossification?

A

Calcified cartilage becomes bone

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8
Q

T/F
Zone of reserved cartilage is involved in bone growth

A

FALSE - It’s not included

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9
Q

What is the direction of bone growth?

A

Upward/longitudinal

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10
Q

What component drives the calcified cartilage to become bone?

A

Osteoclast (resorbtion)

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11
Q

Longitudinal continues as long as ____ occurs in zone of proliferation?

A

Mitosis (cell division)

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12
Q

Around what age does mitosis ‘slow’ down?

A

12-15 years of age

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13
Q

At what age does the zone of proliferation ossifies completely? (leaving epipphyseal line)

A

18-21 years of age

(Bone stops growing)

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14
Q

Bone growth in width is know as______?

A

Appositional growth

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15
Q

What happen during appositional growth?

A
  • Forms new circumferential lamellae > (new layer of bone)
  • New osteon forms
  • Bone gets thicker/wider
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16
Q

What is the most important hormone as it relates to bone development?

A

Growth Hormones

17
Q

Function of Growth Hormone

A

_Increase protein synthesis
_Increase cell division in all tissue
_Increase rate of mitosis in Chondrocytes > epiphyseal plate
_Increase osteogenic cell activity
_Cause osteoblast to react > increase bone width growth

18
Q

What causes appositional growth?

A

Osteoblast in periosteum build new bone layer

19
Q

Whats the medical term for ‘bone loss’?

A

Osteoporosis

20
Q

Name the 2 main factors that’s necessary for bone remodeling?

A

Osteoblast - Bone deposition
&
Osteoclast - Bone resorption

21
Q

List 2 other factors that affect bone remodeling?
(Dietary factors) IMPORTANT!

A
  1. Calcium intake
    [too much>build up>kidney stone] [too little>brittle bone>break easily]
  2. Vit D intake [increase Ca absorption>increase bone deposition]
  3. Vit C intake [helps to produce collagen fiber]
22
Q

Whats the function of the ‘Parathyroid gland’?

A

Detects low calcium level - Increase low calcium level

(Calcium Homeostasis)

23
Q

T/F
Parathyroid gland controls ‘osteoclast’?

A

TRUE

24
Q

The parathyroid gland releases which hormone into the blood?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

25
Q

Parathyroid hormone signals osteoclast to break down bone and release calcium into blood

A

(regulates low blood calcium levels)

26
Q

Locations of Parathyroid gland

A
  • Bone
  • Kidney
  • Intestines
27
Q

What is the function of ‘Calcitonin’?

A

Decrease calcium production

28
Q

____ is controled by calcitonin?

A

osteoblast

29
Q

Which gland secretes calcitonin?

A

Thyroid gland

30
Q

T/F
Calcitonin ‘REVERSE’ the effects from parathyroid hormone

A

TRUE

31
Q

List 2 factors that increase and decrease osteoblast activity

A

Increase: Decrease:
- Exercise - lack vit D,C,K & calcium
- Testosterone - Inadequate exercise
- Intake of vit D,C,K & calcium

32
Q

List 2 factors that increase and decrease osteoclast activity

A

Increase: Decrease:
- Parathyroid hormone - Estrogen
- Decrease in blood ca+ levels - Calcitonin
- Increase in blood Ca+ level

33
Q
  1. What’s the effect of ‘Osteoporosis’?
  2. What causes this condition?
A
  1. Make bones weak & brittle
  2. Inadequate inorganic matrix
34
Q

LIst 3 factors that affects osteoporosis

A
  • Ca+ & Vit D
  • Hormone factors
  • Age (older ppl)

LEC 16-17 MIDTERM (6 decks)

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