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IDM2003 Exam 3 > Lec 17: Dynamics of Adaptive Immunity Part 1 > Flashcards

Lec 17: Dynamics of Adaptive Immunity Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs during the establishment of infection?

A

assessment by your immune system - the alarm stage

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2
Q

The inductive phase is also known as ______ phase

A

central

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3
Q

What occurs at the end of the effector phase?

A

shutdown/healing (chronic healing -> cancer)

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4
Q

What are protections against infection during local infection/penetration of epithelium?

A
  • wound healing induced AMPs
  • phagocytes
  • complement
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5
Q

What are protections against infection during local infection of tissues?

A
  • complement activation
  • DC migrate to lymph nodes (can transfer antigen to a resident DC)
  • Phagocyte and NK activation
  • cytokine and chemokine production
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6
Q

What are protections against infection that occur during lymphatic spread?

A
  • pathogen trapped and phagocytosed in lymphoid tissue
  • adaptive immunity initiated by migrating DC cells
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7
Q

What protections against infection exist during adaptive immunity?

A
  • infection cleared by specific antibody
  • T cell dependent macrophage activation
  • cytotoxic T cells
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8
Q

How do DCs know what to tell T cells?

A

the PRRs/TLRs that are engaged, based on evolution of microbes and evolution of the immune system, the “danger” signal, NK and memory CTLs “programming”

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9
Q

DCs are immature during ____

A

antigen uptake and information gathering

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10
Q

Maturation of DC involves

A

phenotypic changes, antigen uptake halts, migration to lymph node (CCR7)

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11
Q

Signal 0 is

A

environmental instruction (input signals to DC)

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12
Q

What provides signal 0 to DCs

A

exogenous: pathogen sending PAMPs
endogenous: NK, CTL, TH, other DC, tissue stroma, macrophages (sending DAMPs)

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13
Q

Signal ___ is dependent on signal 0

A

3

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14
Q

What do signals 1-4 tell T cells?

A

1 - what the issue is
2 - the level of danger
3 - type of response needed
4 - where the problem is

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15
Q

A ____ response relies on CD4 cells

A

CTL

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16
Q

The ____ cytokines made by CD4 cells drive CTL response

A

IL-2

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17
Q

DC becomes hyperactive through ____, which initiates signal 3 for CD8+ cells through the release of ____. Without it, CTL cells will not survive for very long.

A

CD40L,
IL-12

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18
Q

APC stimulation of CD4 cells induces ____. Stimulating _____ on APC increases B7 and 4-IBBL to costimulate _____.

A

CD40L
CD40
CD8 T cell

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19
Q

CD40L on T cells will help 4 types of cells in which ways

A

macrophages - clearance of internal pathogens (autophagy)
B cells - promote Ab production and type
Immature DC cells - promotes maturation
Mature DC cells - hyperactivates

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20
Q

Through CD40 stimulation, DCs will

A
  • upregulate CD80/86 = more signal 2
  • induce CD70 expression
  • induce 4-IBBL (helps CTL)
  • promote Ag processing/presentation through TAP1/2
  • enhance DC survival (5 to 20 days)
  • induce production of cytokines (signal 3)
  • promote DC reticulation and Ag transfer
  • drives upregulation of PD-L1
21
Q

_____ undergo reticulation process when provided with T helper signal ____

A

MoDC1; CD40L

22
Q

Reticulation process helps to:

A
  • increase surface area and reach
  • facilitates intercellular communication
  • facilitates antigen transfer
23
Q

Intercellular trafficking of cytoplasmic components occur via ___

A

TNTs

24
Q

CD40L helps to induce signal __, which impacts effector function of T cell

A

3

25
Q

IL-12p70 drives ___, ____, and ____ cell mediated responses

A

Th1, CTL, and NK

26
Q

What are the first cells to the party?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells

27
Q

____ deficiency would lead to NK cell deficiency and an issue like chronic herpes, since this cytokine programs _______

A

IFN-gamma;
Dendritic cells

28
Q

_____ immune cells are required for eliminating infection

A

innate

29
Q

RAG deficient - what cells do they lack?

A

can’t do V(D)J - lack mature B and T cells, but have NK cells

30
Q

scid - what cells are mutated?

A

mutation in a common cytokine gamma chain;
deficiencies of T, B, and NK cells

31
Q

Group 1 ILCs are produced via stimulation of ____ from macrophages/DCs with intracellular bacteria/viruses and they produce ___

A

IL-12;
IFN-gamma

32
Q

Group 2 ILCs are produced by _____ made by epithelial cells infected with parasites and produce ____.

A

made by: TSLP, IL-33, IL-25
produce: IL-13, IL-5

33
Q

Group 3 ILCs are produced by ____ made by macrophage/DC response to extracellular bacteria and they produce ____

A

made by IL-23
produce IL17 and IL22

34
Q

Differentiated NK/ILCs help to ______ DC to guide adaptive T cell response

A

program

35
Q

Naive CD4 cells will become TH1 cells in presence of ___ and ___. Th1 cells create ___, ___, and ___

A

IL-12 and IFN-gamma;
IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-beta

36
Q

Naive CD4 cells made in presence of ____, induced by worms will become TH2 cells. TH2 cells produce ____, ____, and ____

A

IL-4, IL5, and IL13

37
Q

Hookworm binds to NK cells to induce IFN-gamma expression to stimulate ____ production. These cells _____ clear the infection

A

TH1
cannot

38
Q

T cells can respond to ________ in a non TCR dependent manner to respond like NK/ILCs (produce cytokines). In order to do this they need ___ signals

A

innate cytokines;
both

39
Q

Th1 cells require ___ and ___ to produce IFN-gamma without TCR stimulation

A

IL-12 and IL-18

40
Q

Th2 cells require ___ and ___ to produce IL5 and IL13 without TCR stimulation

A

TSLP and IL33

41
Q

Th17 cells require ___ and ___ to produce IL17 and IL22 without TCR stimulation

A

IL-23 and IL-1

42
Q

Naive CD8 cells can be activated via ____ stimulation by ____ from DC to become CTL OR ___ and ___ from DC to produce IFN-gamma to activate macrophages

A

CD28 by B7 (CD80/86)
IL-12 and IL-18

43
Q

NK cells and CD8+ T cells can help DC to drive ____ differentiation via MHC I recognition

A

TH1

44
Q

broadly neutralizing antibodies lead to ____ response, ____ cells can see Ab tagged cells with Fc receptor, to be eaten by DC and initiate response

A

CTL, NK

45
Q

NK cells recognize changes in ______ that may be downregulated by viruses

A

self MHC

46
Q

DC won’t make ____ without CD40L from ___ and IFN-gamma from ____

A

IL-12; CD4+; CD8+

47
Q

DCs primed by ____ cells will cause T cells to differentiate into TH1. Without meeting they will become ___

A

NK;
TH0 (undifferentiated)

48
Q

what 3 sources of information program signal 0?

A

1 - pathogen information (PAMPs) signaling PRRs
2 - tissue (danger signals/cytokines from infected cells)
3 - signals from CD8+ (TCR), b cells (BCR), and NK cells (FcR)

IDM2003 Exam 3 (6 decks)

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